Kissing Hello in France French-English Dialogue

Camille, une jeune femme franà §aise rencontre son amie Ann au marchà ©. Ann est amà ©ricaine et est en France pendant un mois pour amà ©liorer son franà §ais et dà ©couvrir la culture franà §aise. Camille, a young French woman, meets her friend Ann at the market.  Ann is American and is in France for a month to improve her French and discover French culture. Ann and Camille Kiss Hello CamilleBonjour, Ann. Hello, Ann Ann  Ah, salut Camille.  Comment vas-tu ?(Elles se font la bise:  smack,  smack du bout des là ¨vres sur les deux joues.)   Oh hi, Camille.  How are you?(They kiss on the cheeks: kiss,  kiss, with the tip of the lips on both cheeks.)Note: In French, the sound of a kiss is smack. Careful! In French, un smack doesnt mean a smack on the face, but a kiss.   CamilleÇa va, merci, et toi ? Doing well, thanks, and you? Should You Kiss or Shake Hands in France? AnnSuper bien, merci. Je suis hyper contente de venir chez toi et de rencontrer tes parents demain. Mais dis-moi, jai une question :  Je dois les embrasser ou leur serrer la main ? Really well, thanks. I’m really thrilled to come by and meet your parents tomorrow. But let me ask you a question:  Should I kiss them [on the cheeks] or shake hands? CamilleTu peux les embrasser. Ils sont cool mes parents. Ne tinquià ¨te pas. Mon pà ¨re ne te fera pas de baise-main. Ils sont vieux, mais pas vieux-jeu. Dailleurs, faire un baise-main, cest vraiment rare de nos jours. You can kiss them [on the cheeks].  My parents are pretty laid back. Don’t worry. My dad won’t kiss your hand. They are older but not old school.  And anyways, kissing someone on the hand is really rare these days. French People Kiss. Its Normal. AnnTu sais, ce nest vraiment pas facile pour les à ©trangers.  Lautre jour ma soeur à ©tait de passage à   Paris, et je lui ai prà ©sentà © mon ami Pierre. Il sest approchà © delle pour lui faire la bise, et elle a fait un grand pas en arrià ¨re. Elle ne sy attendait pas du tout. Je crois quelle a pensà © quil voulait lembrasser sur la bouche, ou mà ªme lui rouler un patin ! Tu te rends compte?  Cà ©tait super embarrassant. Enfin, moi, à §a ne me dà ©rangerait pas que Pierre me fasse un petit bisou. Il est trop chou, Pierre. You know, it’s really not easy for foreigners. The other day, my sister was visiting Paris and I introduced her to my friend Pierre. He approached her to give her a kiss [on the cheeks], and she took a big step back.  She was not expecting it at all.  I think she thought that he was going to kiss her on the mouth, or even French kiss her! Can you believe it?  How incredibly embarrassing. Well, personally, I would not mind at all if Pierre gave me a little kiss. He’s really cute. The French Dont Hug! CamilleNous, cest tout le contraire. On sembrasse facilement, mais cest votre hug amà ©ricain qui est super bizarre pour nous. On se prend jamais dans les bras comme à §a en France, enfin ce nest pas du tout habituel. À un mariage, ou à   un enterrement, on peut serrer quelquun dans ses bras, mais le ventre ne se touche jamais, et la position est diffà ©rente : On se met un peu plus sur le cà ´tà ©. For us, it’s completely the opposite.  We kiss [on the cheeks] easily, but it’s your â€Å"American hug† that is really bizarre for us.  We never hold each other in our arms this way, or at least it’s very unusual.  At a wedding or a funeral, we can hug each other, but the stomach never touches and the posture is different: We position ourselves a little more sideways.   La premià ¨re fois que je suis arrivà ©e aux US, un trà ¨s bon ami de mon petit-copain est venu avec lui me chercher à   laà ©roport. Quand il ma vue, il ma sautà © dessus, en me serrant trà ¨s fort et longuement dans ses bras. Oh la la, je ne savais pas oà ¹ me mettre.  Jà ©tais toute rouge. The first time I arrived in the US, a very good friend of my boyfriend came with him to pick me up at the airport. When he saw me, he jumped on me, hugging me really strongly and for a long time in his arms. Oh my, I did not know what to do [literally, I did not know where to put myself].I was completely red. Never Use Baiser as a Verb! Oh La La! AnnCest vraiment amusant ces diffà ©rences culturelles. Et en France, tu baises facilement tous les gens que tu rencontres ? All these cultural differences are really funny. And in France, do you baise  easily all the people that you meet? CamilleOh mon dieu !! Ann, ne dis surtout pas à §a !! Baiser, en tant que verbe, à §a veut dire â€Å"faire l’amour†, enfin, la version vulgaire, to f..k en anglais. Avant, à §a voulait dire embrasser, mais à §a a changà © de signification avec le temps. Oh my God! Ann, don’t ever say that!!  Baiser  as a verb means to make love, well, actually, the vulgar version like the English â€Å"f...k.  In the past, it meant to kiss but its meaning has changed over time. AnnJe suis vraiment dà ©solà ©e. Oh la la, la grosse gaffe! I’m really sorry.  Wow, what a blunder! CamilleOui, je suis contente que tu laies faite avec moi. Le nom  un baiser  est parfaitement correcte, et trà ¨s utilisà ©. Mais le verbe quon utilise maintenant cest embrasser. À ne pas confondre avec prendre / serrer dans ses bras. On na pas vraiment de mot pour hug. On fait un cà ¢lin à   un enfant, mais à §a, cest encore diffà ©rent. Yes, but I’m happy you made that mistake with me.  The noun  un baiser  is absolutely fine and very much used. But the verb that we now use is  embrasser.  Don’t confuse it with  embrasser,  which  means  take in your arms/embrace).  We don’t really have a word for ‘hug’. We cuddle with a child, but that is, again, something different.   AnnBon, et bien je te remercie pour ce cours improvisà © sur le baiser. Ça va mà ªtre trà ¨s utile je pense, surtout avec la Saint Valentin qui approche ! Bon, allez, je dois y aller. Bisous à   Olivier et Leyla, et à   demain.  Au revoir! OK then, well, thank you for this impromptu lesson on the kiss. It’s really going to come in handy, especially with St. Valentines Day coming up! Well, good, got to go.  Kisses to Olivier and Leyla, and see you tomorrow. Bye!

Family Violence And Domestic Violence - 1405 Words

Introduction Family violence, also known as domestic violence is the disorderly conduct by a person to another person, a family, or a family’s property. It is violence between family members and between people in domestic or intimate relationships. Generally family violence behavior is predicted to be as physical abuse, however there are a wide range of behaviors involved. These behaviors include, sexual abuse, verbal abuse, physical abuse, economical abuse, emotional abuse, social abuse, and spiritual abuse. Family violence has become a growing issue in Australia due to a 65 percent increase of family incidents since 2011 (The crime statistics agency, 2015). Violence and abuse does not only perpetrate between couples or members of different genders, it also does occur between same sexual partners. However, it is more commonly seen in couples of different genders. Therefore, this report will outline the role of gender that relates to family violence, the causes of family violence, and what could possibly prevent it. Gender Gender is the social identity of a person; it characterizes what society and culture portrays as feminine and masculine. Sex however, determines the biological and hormonal difference between female and male. â€Å"Gender relations are the ways in which a culture or society defines rights, responsibilities, and the identities of men and women in relation to one another† (Bravo-Baumann, 2000, what is gender). Biological sex of a person establishes theShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence : A Common Form Of Family Violence1076 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic Violence Domestic violence (D V) occurs in almost every society and culture of the world. It can be physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influences another person. 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Gaining control over the other person is commonly gained through the use of violence whichRead MoreDomestic Violence and the Effect it has on Family1587 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Domestic violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm† (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). In most places domestic violence is looked on as one of the higher priorities when trying to stop crime. Domestic Violence cases are thought to be influenced by the use of alcohol, drugs, stress or anger but in reality, they are just learned behaviors by the batterer. These habits can be stoppe d as long as one seeks helpRead MoreThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On The Family System986 Words   |  4 Pagesground domestic violence physically, psychologically and socially affects women, men and their families. 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Many victims of domestic violence have changed their lives and escaped theRead MoreDomestic Violence Among Women And Their Families2006 Words   |  9 Pages(2014), domestic violence is defined as a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship. Domestic violence can happen in the form of physical abuse, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse. It can happen to anyone, regardless of their race or gender. Domestic violence is often life threatening for many women. Domestic violence results in 1200 deaths and 2 million injuries among women (Baker, Billhardt, Warren, Rollins Glass, 2010). History of domestic violence shows that domestic violence is oneRead MoreDomestic Violence And Violence Against Family Members And Intimate Partners906 Words   |  4 Pagesacts of violence against family members and intimate partners (2015).Data from the 1985 National Family Violence Survey affirmed that one of eight husbands committed at least one violent act towards his wife, and 1.8 million wives were beaten during the year course of the study (Holtzworth-Munroe Stuart, 1994). The Bureau of Justice (2015) defines domestic violence as â€Å"violence between married spouses, but can include cohabitants, unmarried intimate partners and family members†. Domestic violenceRead MoreEssay on Domestic Violence and the Effect It Has on Family1582 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence is a violent confrontation between family or household members involving physical harm, sexual assault, or fear of physical harm (Stewart Croudep, 1998-2012). In most places domestic violence i s looked on as one of the higher priorities when trying to stop crime. Domestic Violence cases are thought to be influenced by the use of alcohol, drugs, stress or anger but in reality, they are just learned behaviors by the batterer. These habits can be stopped as long as one seeks help

Forward the Foundation Chapter 18 Free Essays

13 â€Å"Yes,† said Hari Seldon wearily, â€Å"it was a great triumph. I had a wonderful time. I can hardly wait until I’m seventy so I can repeat it. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 18 or any similar topic only for you Order Now But the fact is, I’m exhausted.† â€Å"So get yourself a good night’s sleep, Dad,† said Raych, smiling. â€Å"That’s an easy cure.† â€Å"I don’t know how well I can relax when I have to see our great leader in a few days.† â€Å"Not alone, you won’t see him,† said Dors Venabili grimly. Seldon frowned. â€Å"Don’t say that again, Dors. It is important for me to see him alone.† â€Å"It won’t be safe with you alone. Do you remember what happened ten years ago when you refused to let me come with you to greet the gardeners?† â€Å"There is no danger of my forgetting when you remind me of it twice a week, Dors. In this case, though, I intend to go alone. What can he want to do to me if I come in as an old man, utterly harmless, to find out what he wants?† â€Å"What do you imagine he wants?† said Raych, biting at his knuckle. â€Å"I suppose he wants what Cleon always wanted. It will turn out that he has found out that psychohistory can, in some way, predict the future and he will want to use it for his own purposes. I told Cleon the science wasn’t up to it nearly thirty years ago and I kept telling him that all through my tenure as First Minister-and now I’ll have to tell General Tennar the same thing.† â€Å"How do you know he’ll believe you?† said Raych. â€Å"I’ll think of some way of being convincing.† Dors said, â€Å"I do not wish you to go alone.† â€Å"Your wishing, Dors, makes no difference.† At this point, Tamwile Elar interrupted. He said, â€Å"I’m the only nonfamily person here. I don’t know if a comment from me would be welcome.† â€Å"Go ahead,† said Seldon. â€Å"Come one, come all.† â€Å"I would like to suggest a compromise. Why don’t a number of us go with the Maestro. Quite a few of us. We can act as his triumphal escort, a kind of finale to the birthday celebration. Now wait, I don’t mean that we will all crowd into the General’s offices. I don’t even mean entering the Imperial Palace grounds. We can just take hotel rooms in the Imperial Sector at the edge of the grounds-the Dome’s Edge Hotel would be just right-and we’ll give ourselves a day of pleasure.† â€Å"That’s just what I need,† snorted Seldon. â€Å"A day of pleasure.† â€Å"Not you, Maestro,† said Elar at once. â€Å"You’ll be meeting with General Tennar. The rest of us, though, will give the people of the Imperial Sector a notion of your popularity-and perhaps the General will take note also. And if he knows we’re all waiting for your return, it may keep him from being unpleasant.† There was a considerable silence after that. Finally Raych said, â€Å"It sounds too showy to me. It don’t fit in with the image the world has of Dad.† But Dors said, â€Å"I’m not interested in Hari’s image. I’m interested in Hari’s safety. It strikes me that if we cannot invade the General’s presence or the Imperial grounds, then allowing ourselves to accumulate, so to speak, as near the General as we can, might do us well. Thank you, Dr. Elar, for a very good suggestion.† â€Å"I don’t want it done,† said Seldon. â€Å"But I do,† said Dors, â€Å"and if that’s as close as I can get to offering you personal protection, then that much I will insist on.† Manella, who had listened to it all without comment till then, said, â€Å"Visiting the Dome’s Edge Hotel could be a lot of fun.† â€Å"It’s not fun I’m thinking of,† said Dors, â€Å"but I’ll accept your vote in favor.† And so it was. The following day some twenty of the higher echelon of the Psychohistory Project descended on the Dome’s Edge Hotel, with rooms overlooking the open spaces of the Imperial Palace grounds. The following evening Hari Seldon was picked up by the General’s armed guards and taken off to the meeting. At almost the same time Dors Venabili disappeared, but her absence was not noted for a long time. And when it was noted, no one could guess what had happened to her and the gaily festive mood turned rapidly into apprehension. 14 Dors Venabili had lived on the Imperial Palace grounds for ten years. As wife of the First Minister, she had entry to the grounds and could pass freely from the dome to the open, with her fingerprints as the pass. In the confusion that followed Cleon’s assassination, her pass had never been removed and now when, for the first time since that dreadful clay, she wanted to move from the dome into the open spaces of the grounds, she could do so. She had always known that she could do so easily only once, for, upon discovery, the pass would be canceled-but this was the one time to do it. There was a sudden darkening of the sky as she moved into the open and she felt a distinct lowering of the temperature. The world under the dome was always kept a little lighter during the night period than natural night would require and was kept a little dimmer during the day period. And, of course, the temperature beneath the dome was always a bit milder than the outdoors. Most Trantorians were unaware of this, for they spent their entire lives under the dome. To Dors it was expected, but it didn’t really matter. She took the central roadway, into which the dome opened at the site of the Dome’s Edge Hotel. It was, of course, brightly lit, so that the darkness of the sky didn’t matter at all. Dors knew that she would not advance a hundred meters along the roadway without being stopped, less perhaps in the present paranoid lays of the junta. Her alien presence would be detected at once. Nor was she disappointed. A small ground-car skittered up and the guardsman shouted out the window, â€Å"What are you doing here? Where are you going?† Dors ignored the question and continued to walk. The guardsman called out, â€Å"Halt!† Then he slammed on the brakes and stepped out of the car, which was exactly what Dors had wanted him to do. The guardsman was holding a blaster loosely in his hand-not threatening to use it, merely demonstrating its existence. He said, â€Å"Your reference number.† Dors said, â€Å"I want your car.† â€Å"What!† The guardsman sounded outraged. â€Å"Your reference number. Immediately!† And now the blaster came up. Dors said quietly, â€Å"You don’t need my reference number,† then she walked toward the guardsman. The guardsman took a backward step. â€Å"If you don’t stop and present your reference number, I’ll blast you.† â€Å"No! Drop your blaster.† The guardsman’s lips tightened. His finger began to edge toward the contact, but before he could reach it, he was lost. He could never describe afterward what happened in any accurate way. All he could say was â€Å"How was I to know it was The Tiger Woman?† (The time came when he would be proud of the encounter.) â€Å"She moved so fast, I didn’t see exactly what she did or what happened. One moment I was going to shoot her down-I was sure she was some sort of madwoman-and the next thing I knew, I was completely overwhelmed.† Dors held the guardsman in a firm grip, the hand with the blaster forced high. She said, â€Å"Either drop the blaster at once or I will break your arm.† The guardsman felt a kind of death grip around his chest that all but prevented him from breathing. Realizing he had no choice, he dropped the blaster. Dors Venabili released him, but before the guardsman could make a move to recover, he found himself facing his own blaster in Dors’s hand. Dors said, â€Å"I hope you’ve left your detectors in place. Don’t try to report what’s happened too quickly. You had better wait and decide what it is you plan to tell your superiors. The fact that an unarmed woman took your blaster and your car may well put an end to your usefulness to the junta.† Dors started the car and began to speed down the central roadway. A ten-year stay on the grounds told her exactly where she was going. The car she was in-an official ground-car-was not an alien intrusion into the grounds and would not be picked up as a matter of course. However, she had to take a chance on speed, for she wanted to reach her destination rapidly. She pushed the car to a speed of two hundred kilometers per hour. The speed, at least, eventually did attract attention. She ignored radioed cries, demanding to know why she was speeding, and before long the car’s detectors told her that another ground-car was in hot pursuit. She knew that there would be a warning sent up ahead and that there would be other ground-cars waiting for her to arrive, but there was little any of them could do, short of trying to blast her out of existence-something apparently no one was willing to try, pending further investigation. When she reached the building she had been heading for, two ground-cars were waiting for her. She climbed serenely out of her own car and walked toward the entrance. Two men at once stood in her way, obviously astonished that the driver of the speeding car was not a guardsman but a woman dressed in civilian clothes. â€Å"What are you doing here? What was the rush?† Dors said quietly, â€Å"Important message for Colonel Header Linn.† â€Å"Is that so?† said the guardsman harshly. There were now four men between her and the entrance. â€Å"Reference number, please.† Dors said, â€Å"Don’t delay me.† â€Å"Reference number, I said.† â€Å"You’re wasting my time.† One of the guardsmen said suddenly, â€Å"You know who she looks like? The old First Minister’s wife. Dr. Venabili. The Tiger Woman.† There was an odd backward step on the part of all four, but one of them said, â€Å"You’re under arrest.† â€Å"Am I?† said Dors. â€Å"If I’m The Tiger Woman, you must know that I am considerably stronger than any of you and that my reflexes are considerably faster. Let me suggest that all four of you accompany me quietly inside and we’ll see what Colonel Linn has to say.† â€Å"You’re under arrest† came the repetition and four blasters were aimed at Dors. â€Å"Well,† said Dors. â€Å"If you insist.† She moved rapidly and two of the guardsmen were suddenly on the ground, groaning, while Dors was standing with a blaster in each hand. She said, â€Å"I have tried not to hurt them, but it is quite possible that I have broken their wrists. That leaves two of you and I can shoot faster than you can. If either of you makes the slightest move-the slightest-I will have to break the habit of a lifetime and kill you. It will sicken me to do so and I beg you not to force me into it.† There was absolute silence from the two guardsmen still standing-no motion. â€Å"I would suggest,† said Dors, â€Å"that you two escort me into the colonel’s presence and that you then seek medical help for your comrades.† The suggestion was not necessary. Colonel Linn emerged from his office. â€Å"What is going on here? What is-â€Å" Dors turned to him. â€Å"Ah! Let me introduce myself. I am Dr. Dors Venabili, the wife of Professor Hari Seldon. I have come to see you on important business. These four tried to stop me and, as a result, two are badly hurt. Send them all about their business and let me talk to you. I mean you no harm.† Linn stared at the four guardsmen, then at Dors. He said calmly, â€Å"You mean me no harm? Though four guardsmen have not succeeded in stopping you, I have four thousand at my instant call.† â€Å"Then call them,† said Dors. â€Å"However quickly they come, it will not be in time to save you, should I decide to kill you. Dismiss your guardsmen and let us talk civilly.† Linn dismissed the guardsmen and said, â€Å"Well, come in and we will talk. Let me warn you, though, Dr. Venabili-I have a long memory.† â€Å"And I,† said Dors. They walked into Linn’s quarters together. 15 Linn said with utmost courtesy, â€Å"Tell me exactly why you are here, Dr. Venabili.† Dors smiled without menace-and yet not exactly pleasantly, either. â€Å"To begin with,† she said, â€Å"I have come here to show you that I can come here.† â€Å"Yes. My husband was taken to his interview with the General in an official ground-car under armed guard. I myself left the hotel at a the same time he did, on foot and unarmed-and here I am-and I believe I got here before he did. I had to wade through five guardsmen, including the guardsman whose car I appropriated, in order to reach you. I would have waded through fifty.† Linn nodded his head phlegmatically. â€Å"I understand that you are sometimes called The Tiger Woman.† â€Å"I have been called that. Now, having reached you, my task is to make certain that no harm comes to my husband. He is venturing into the General’s lair-if I can be dramatic about it-and I want him to emerge unharmed and unthreatened.† â€Å"As far as I am concerned, I know that no harm will come to your husband as a result of this meeting. But if you are concerned, why do you come to me? Why didn’t you go directly to the General?† â€Å"Because, of the two of you, it is you that has the brains.† There was a short pause and Linn said, â€Å"That would be a most dangerous remark-if overheard.† â€Å"More dangerous for you than for me, so make sure it is not overheard. Now, if it occurs to you that I am to be simply soothed and put off and that, if my husband is imprisoned or marked for execution, that there will really be nothing I can do about it, disabuse yourself.† She indicated the two blasters that lay on the table before her. â€Å"I entered the grounds with nothing. I arrived in your immediate vicinity with two blasters. If I had no blasters, I might have had knives, with which I am an expert. And if I had neither blasters nor knives, I would still be a formidable person. This table we’re sitting at is metal-obviously-and sturdy.† â€Å"It is.† Dors held up her hands, fingers splayed, as if to show that she held no weapon. Then she dropped them to the table and, palms down, caressed its surface. Abruptly Dors raised her fist and then brought it down on the table with a loud crash, which sounded almost as if metal were striking metal. She smiled and lifted her hand. â€Å"No bruise,† Dors said. â€Å"No pain. But you’ll notice that the table is slightly bent where I struck it. If that same blow had come down with the name force on a person’s head, the skull would have exploded. I have never done such a thing; in fact, I have never killed anyone, though I have injured several. Nevertheless, if Professor Seldon is harmed-â€Å" â€Å"You are still threatening.† â€Å"I am promising. I will do nothing if Professor Seldon is unharmed. Otherwise, Colonel Linn, I will be forced to maim or kill you and-I promise you again-I will do the same to General Tennar.† Linn said, â€Å"You cannot withstand an entire army, no matter how tigerish a woman you are. What then?† â€Å"Stories spread,† said Dors, â€Å"and are exaggerated. I have not really done much in the way of tigerishness, but many more stories are told of me than are true. Your guardsmen fell back when they recognized me and they themselves will spread the story, with advantage, of how I made my way to you. Even an army might hesitate to attack me, Colonel Linn, but even if they did and even if they destroyed me, beware the indignation of the people. The junta is maintaining order, but it is doing so only barely and you don’t want anything to upset matters. Think, then, of how easy the alternative is. Simply do not harm Professor Hari Seldon.† â€Å"We have no intention of harming him.† â€Å"Why the interview, then?† â€Å"What’s the mystery? The General is curious about psychohistory. The government records are open to us. The old Emperor Cleon was interested. Demerzel, when he was First Minister, was interested. Why should we not be in our turn? In fact, more so.† â€Å"Why more so?† â€Å"Because time has passed. As I understand it, psychohistory began as a thought in Professor Seldon’s mind. He has been working on it, with increasing vigor and with larger and larger groups of people, for nearly thirty years. He has done so almost entirely with government support, so that, in a way, his discoveries and techniques belong to the government. We intend to ask him about psychohistory, which, by now, must be far advanced beyond what existed in the times of Demerzel and Cleon, and we expect him to tell us what we want to know. We want something more practical than the vision of equations curling their way through air. Do you understand me?† â€Å"Yes,† said Dors, frowning. â€Å"And one more thing. Do not suppose that the danger to your husband comes from the government only and that any harm that reaches him will mean that you must attack us at once. I would suggest that Professor Seldon may have purely private enemies. I have no knowledge of such things, but surely it is possible.† â€Å"I shall keep that in mind. Right now, I want to have you arrange that I join my husband during his interview with the General. I want to know, beyond doubt, that he is safe.† â€Å"That will be hard to arrange and will take some time. It would be impossible to interrupt the conversation, but if you wait till it is ended-â€Å" â€Å"Take the time and arrange it. Do not count on double-crossing me and remaining alive.† 16 General Tennar stared at Hari Seldon in a rather pop-eyed manner and his fingers tapped lightly at the desk where he sat. â€Å"Thirty years,† he said. â€Å"Thirty years and you are telling me you still have nothing to show for it?† â€Å"Actually, General, twenty-eight years.† Tennar ignored that. â€Å"And all at government expense. Do you know how many billions of credits have been invested in your Project, Professor?† â€Å"I haven’t kept up, General, but we have records that could give me the answer to your question in seconds.† â€Å"And so have we. The government, Professor, is not an endless source of funds. These are not the old times. We don’t have Cleon’s old free-and-easy attitude toward finances. Raising taxes is hard and we need credits for many things. I have called you here, hoping that you can benefit us in some way with your psychohistory. If you cannot, then I must tell you, quite frankly, that we will have to shut off the faucet. If you can continue your research without government funding, do so, for unless you show me something that would make the expense worth it, you will have to do just that.† â€Å"General, you make a demand I cannot meet, but, if in response, you and government support, you will be throwing away the future. Give me wile** and eventually-â€Å" â€Å"Various governments have heard that ‘eventually’ from you for decades. Isn’t it true, Professor, that you say your psychohistory predicts that the junta is unstable, that my rule is unstable, that in a short time it will collapse?† Seldon frowned. â€Å"The technique is not yet firm enough for me to say that this is something that psychohistory states.† â€Å"I put it to you that psychohistory does state it and that this is common knowledge within your Project.† â€Å"No,† said Seldon warmly. â€Å"No such thing. It is possible that some among us have interpreted some relationships to indicate that the junta may be an unstable form of government, but there are other relationships that may easily be interpreted to show it is stable. That is the reason why we must continue our work. At the present moment it is all too easy to use incomplete data and imperfect reasoning to reach any conclusion we wish.† â€Å"But if you decide to present the conclusion that the government is unstable and say that psychohistory warrants it-even if it does not actually do so-will it not add to the instability?† â€Å"It may very well do that, General. And if we announced that the government is stable, it may well add to the stability. I have had this very same discussion with Emperor Cleon on a number of occasions. It is possible to use psychohistory as a tool to manipulate the emotions of the people and achieve short-term effects. In the long run, however, the predictions are quite likely to prove incomplete or downright erroneous and psychohistory will lose all its credibility and it will be as though it had never existed.† â€Å"Enough! Tell me straight out! What do you think psychohistory shows about my government?† â€Å"It shows, we think, that there are elements of instability in it, but we are not certain-and cannot be certain-exactly in what way this can be made worse or made better.† â€Å"In other words, psychohistory simply tells you what you would know without psychohistory and it is that in which government has invested uncounted piles of credits.† â€Å"The time will come when psychohistory will tell us what we could not know without it and then the investment will pay itself back many, many times over.† â€Å"And how long will it be before that time comes?† â€Å"Not too long, I hope. We have been making rather gratifying progress in the last few years.† Tennar was tapping his fingernail on his desk again. â€Å"Not enough. Tell me something helpful now. Something useful.† Seldon pondered, then said, â€Å"I can prepare a detailed report for you, but it will take time.† â€Å"Of course it will. Days, months, years-and somehow it will never be written. Do you take me for a fool?† â€Å"No, of course not, General. However, I don’t want to be taken for a fool, either. I can tell you something that I will take sole responsibility for. I have seen it in my psychohistorical research, but I may have misinterpreted what I saw. However, since you insist-â€Å" â€Å"I insist.† â€Å"You mentioned taxes a little while ago. You said raising taxes was difficult. Certainly. It is always difficult. Every government must do its work by collecting wealth in one form or another. The only two ways in which such credits can be obtained are, first, by robbing a neighbor, or second, persuading a government’s own citizens to grant the credits willingly and peaceably. â€Å"Since we have established a Galactic Empire that has been conducting its business in reasonable fashion for thousands of years, there is no possibility of robbing a neighbor, except as the result of an occasional rebellion and its repression. This does not happen often enough to support a government-and, if it did, the government would be too unstable to last long, in any case.† Seldon drew a deep breath and went on. â€Å"Therefore, credits must be raised by asking the citizens to hand over part of their wealth for government use. Presumably, since the government will then work efficiently, the citizens can better spend their credits in this way than to hoard it-each man to himself-while living in a dangerous and chaotic anarchy. â€Å"However, though the request is reasonable and the citizenry is better off paying taxes as their price for maintaining a stable and efficient government, they are nevertheless reluctant to do so. In order to overcome this reluctance, governments must make it appear that they are not taking too many credits, and that they are considering each citizen’s rights and benefits. In other words, they must lower the percentage taken out of low incomes; they must allow deductions of various kinds to be made before the tax is assessed, and so on. â€Å"As time goes on, the tax situation inevitably grows more and more complex as different worlds, different sectors within each world, and different economic divisions all demand and require special treatment. Me result is that the tax-collecting branch of the government grows in size and complexity and tends to become uncontrollable. The average citizen cannot understand why or how much he is being taxed; what he can get away with and what he can’t. The government and the tax agency itself are often in the dark as well. â€Å"What’s more, an ever-larger fraction of the funds collected must be put into running the overelaborate tax agency-maintaining records, pursuing tax delinquents-so the amount of credits available for good, and useful purposes declines despite anything we can do.** â€Å"In the end, the tax situation becomes overwhelming. It inspires discontent and rebellion. The history books tend to ascribe these things to greedy businessmen, to corrupt politicians, to brutal warriors, to ambitious viceroys-but these are just the individuals who take advantage of the tax overgrowth.† The General said harshly, â€Å"Are you telling me that our tax system is overcomplicated?† Seldon said, â€Å"If it were not, it would be the only one in history that wasn’t, as far as I know. If there is one thing that psychohistory tells me is inevitable, it is tax overgrowth.† â€Å"And what do we do about it?† â€Å"That I cannot tell you. It is that for which I would like to prepare a report that-as you say-may take a while to get ready.† â€Å"Never mind the report. The tax system is overcomplicated, isn’t it? Isn’t that what you are saying?† â€Å"It is possible that it is,† said Seldon cautiously. â€Å"And to correct that, one must make the tax system simpler-as simple as possible, in fact.† â€Å"I would have to study-â€Å" â€Å"Nonsense. The opposite of great complication is great simplicity. I don’t need a report to tell me that.† â€Å"As you say, General,† said Seldon. At this point the General looked up suddenly, as though he had been called-as, indeed, he had been. His fists clenched and holovision images of Colonel Linn and Dors Venabili suddenly appeared in the room. Thunderstruck, Seldon exclaimed, â€Å"Dors! What are you doing here?† The General said nothing, but his brow furrowed into a frown. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 18, Essay examples

Environmentally Sustainable Work Practices

Question: Discuss about theEnvironmentally Sustainable Work Practices. Answer: Introduction (Part A) As the social and political motivation moves towards urgent issues, for example, atmosphere change and environmental supportability, the Queensland Government has set up strategies and desires that will lead all divisions and offices towards the objective of lessening their environmental effect. The Carbon Management Unit (CMU) of Queensland Health was set up in 2004 and is in charge of expanding environmental mindfulness in Queensland Wellbeing through improvement and usage of a Statewide Eco Efficiency project to present vitality and water protection measures into manufactured base, what's more, business practices. In this brief period, Queensland Health has enhanced environmental execution past Queensland Government's desires, furthermore, in doing as such, has accomplished national acknowledgment. Queensland Health is glad for its accomplishments towards manageable operations, what's more, is completely dedicated to increasing current standards, making progress toward persistent change in environmental administration hones. This piece of writing is in relation to a Green Office produced to give staff of Queensland Health offices with the capacity to grasp environmental values, prompting an even more environmentally feasible office environment (Sustainability Alliance of Australia, 2010). Research Questions What environmental impact the workplace/training institution may cause? What are the ways in which they could improve the environmental impact identified? Objective of the Procurement Policy The main objective is to build up a key approach of green obtainment inside Queensland Health offices. The procurement of naturally economical office gear reasonably, where offices can decrease power usage, save cash, and help an office decrease its direct circuitous effect on the earth through the buying of energy productive items. Green acquirement is the buying of items, what's more, administrations that have an insignificant or decreased ecological sway and human wellbeing. Notwithstanding enhanced ecological execution, numerous naturally favored items function too or superior to anything conventional items (Lange et al, 2010). In a study by Fedrizzi (2016), being seated in an office domain is difficult to envision how our norms are affecting on nature. Issues, for example, air contamination, worldwide climate change, deforestation, landfills, water accessibility, biodiversity, synthetic contamination, and soil disintegration, appear to be far off and random to the exercises we embrace at work. It is presently perceived that climate change and carbon emission is a basic issue that must be tended to through advancement and many-sided cooperation. In any case, we as a whole settle on choices regular that add to these environmental issues, what's more, we as a whole have an obligation to guarantee that our regular choices and operations contribute as meager as could be expected under the circumstances to these more extensive ecological matters (Stone, 2012). Summaries of Evidence Obtained (Part B) There are some great purposes behind making an office a vitality proficient, environmental practical work environment. A great many people are starting to understand that the products on which we depend accompanied an environmental effect - and that we can't proceed absolutely extractive manners uncertainly; we will just deplete resources! The environmental advantages of utilizing vitality productive hardware are colossal. By lessening the level of power used in the office environment, an administrator is straightforwardly diminishing air and water contamination from force stations and sparing a huge amount of greenhouse gas for every 1000 kilowatt-hour of power saved (Fedrizzi, 2016). Furthermore, by being eco-cognizant various advantages can be produced for an office. First, it is our social obligation to maintain a clean office and it gives staff a feeling of environmental pride and significance. Utilizing less paper not just spares woods, it spares water and power, decreases landfill, diminishes greenhouse contamination and spares cash. Did you know the International Energy Agency has incorporated measurements that indicated printers alone devour around 10% of office gear power interest and more than 90% of the vitality is devoured when printers are not being used staff should also reduce water utilization. A moderate estimated workplace of 10,000 square meters normally devours more than 20,000 liters every day or more than seven million liters for each year - enough to supply 40 normal homes (Kats, 2010). Moreover, it bodes well, i.e., through guaranteeing that all copiers print duplex as default, you can hope to decrease your office's paper utilization levels by about half! A clean office enhances corporate picture; more than 70% of the biggest 500 organizations in the world are currently tending to worldwide climate change in their corporate reporting. Research has demonstrated that organizations who show to staff their individual environmental funds are 60 for every penny more beneficial. Assessment 2 Preparation Resources required are educational material on eco-systems Tools required are computers in order to minimize the use of paper Techniques to be used: recycling waste Impact on others: using less paper spares wood, water, power, etc. Detailed Implementation Plan These are the general rules for feasible environmental work rehearses All representatives can ensure the environment by taking after the following rules: Lessen Use items that prevent waste from being created Lessen throw away by picking things with unimportant wrapping which may be utilized gainfully and after that reused Re-use Use again holders, packages and throwaway substances, anywhere feasible. Reprocess Recycle throwaway to useable stuff, if feasible For Waste that can't be Maintained a Strategic Distance from, Reprocess Take care of desecrate to be somehow safe or diminish the volume of the destructive segment. Get rid of the desecrate securely. The Following are the Procedures to be Executed by the Supervisor Think about sensibility matters when settling on orchestrating decisions as well as directing them. Encouraging natural consideration regarding waste, ensure delegates think about their ecological obligations. Aim to upgrade interminably natural execution by recognizing and tending to ecological peril. Make resources open to execute natural peril organization techniques. Workers' Obligations Identify and oversee environmental dangers connected to office matters to minimize their effect on the earth. Apply the Employee Feedback Form to advance recommendations. Overseeing Dangers, Workers Should: Be mindful of workplace wellbeing and security approaches and guarantee strategies are taken after. Inform the Workplace Health and Safety Officer of particular dangers or perils by finishing an Employee Feedback Form. The Workplace Health and Safety Officer must embrace a danger appraisal in any event annually utilizing the Workplace Safety Checklist. Environmental Obtaining (Procurement) Rules Become instructed about the ecological impacts of things got. Chase down earth obliging things. Choose things packaged not as much. Opt for things that are ecological Use again plastic sacks in addition to an extensive variety of holders where feasible purchase worthy items which nay perhaps function for a long time Purchase reused items with authoritatively accumulated assets plus unrefined resources, and diminishing the general measure of squander. Depletion of Paper purchase as well as utilize reused papers if feasible Put together two-sided replica whilst producing duplicates in addition to copying, if feasible Utilize the reasonable part of utilized document for taking notes prior to reusing. Salvage wrappers for inside bundles. Transfer of Devastate Position the accompanying in reuse containers, contingent upon reusing offices accessible in the group. Steel, aluminum, paper, and glass Stick to the rules for the transfer of such supplies to lessen the effect on the earth. Vitality (Energy) bring into play these philosophies to minimize essentialness depletion: Keep cooling at steady warmth of 24 C. Put up the shutters or window hangings to minimize high temperature. uphold just precautionary lights past company time shut down tools all night if feasible References Sustainability Alliance of Australia (2010) Green Buildings, Retrieved September 28, 2016 from https://sustainca.org/programs/green_buildings_challenges Fedrizzi R. (2016) Intro to LED Measures, United States Green Building Council, Retrieved September 28, 2016 Kats G. (2010) Costs and Benefits of Green Buildings [blog post], Retrieved September 28, 2016 from https://thinkprogress.org/climate/2010/09/24/205805/costs-and-benefits-of-green- buildings/# Kats G., Leon A., Adam B., Evan M. and Jeff P. (2014) The Cost and Financial Benefits ofGreen Buildings, John Willey Sons Lange J., Grottker M. and Otterpohl R. (2010) Water Science and Technology, Sustainable Water and Waste Management in Urban Areas, Retrieved September 28, 2016 Stone J. (2012) Green building impacts worker productivity. CAD/CAM Update, 24(5), 7-8

Sales Control free essay sample

There must be efficient control of all food and beverage items issued from the various departments. 2. The system should reduce any pilfering and wastage to a minimum. 3. Management should be provided with any information they require for the costing purposes. 4. The cashier should be able to make out the customer’s bill correctly. 5. The system should show a breakdown of sales and income received in order that adjustment and improvement may be made. The main control taking methods 1. Order taking methods. 2. Billing methods 3. Sales summary sheets. . Operational statistics. Triplicate checking system This is an order taking method used in the majority of medium and large first class establishments. The food check consists of three copies. On taking the food order it is written from top to bottom of the food check. When only a table d’hote menu is in operation the customers would initially only order their first and main courses. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The operation for an a la carte menu is similar, although customers may order by course according to their requirements. 1. The top copy of the food order goes to the kitchen and is handed to the aboyeur at the hotplate. . The duplicate goes to the cashier who makes out the customer bill. 3. The Flimsy or third copy is retained by the waiter at his/her sideboard as a means of reference. Any checks or bills that have to be cancelled should have the signature of either the head\waiter or supervisor on them, as should checks and bills which have alternation made on them. FLOW CHART OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CHECK Control box Kitchen Food and beverage Service area Top copy Top copy after service Food copy- Top copy (BOT)Top copy Dispense Bar 1. 2. 3. 4. BeveragesTop copy after service Control Marry all duplicates with originals- bills and summary sheet Cashier 1. 2nd copy food or drink 2. Bill 3. Bill and payment. 4. Receipted bill. Manual systems Using hand written duplicate or triplicate checks for ordering from kitchen and bar and for informing the cashier. Often used with a cash till or cash register. This system is found on many high- level restaurants and in popular catering Duplicate checking system. This is a control system that is more likely to be found in the smaller hotel, popular price restaurants and cafes. It is generally used where table d’hote menu is in operation and sometimes a very limited a la carte menu. There are two copies of each of these food checks, each set being serial numbered. The top copy of the food check is usually carbon – backed but, if not a sheet of carbon must be placed between the top and duplicate copy every time a fresh order is taken. The top copy of the set of food and drink checks is made up of a number of perforated slips, usually 4-5 in number. There is section at the bottom of the food and drink check for the table for the table number to be entered. When writing out a customer’s order a different perforated slip should be used for each course. The server must remember to write out the number of covers and the price of the meal or the dish concerned on each slip. Before sending each slip to the hotplate see that the details ate entered correctly on the duplicate copy together with the price. Since the duplicate copy acts as the customer’s bill, the waiter must ensure that everything served is charged. Duplicate order pad with perforated sections 672464| | | | | | 672464| | | No of person waiter no table no price| | | QUICK SERVICE: Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Retour 1 Roast chicken En place 1 poached chicken Date 2/2/12Sign DS Accident: It occasionally happens that the waiter may have an accident in the room and perhaps some vegetables are dropped. These must be replaced without any extra charge to the customer. Here a check must be headed accident. It will show the number of portion of vegetables required and should be signed by the headwaiter. No charge (N/C) is stated on the check to ensure that no charge is made to the customer. Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Accident 1 Vegetables N/C Date 2/2/12Sign DS CASH HANDLING EQUIPMENT E. P. O. S (Electronic point of sale) It is a sophisticated system of point of sale to provide the quality of information to the management for control function. Advantages 1. Fewer error is there as the information entered will be more accurate because mistake in the sequence of entries required for a particular transaction are not permitted. 2. Transaction can be done more quickly and this may be achieved by single key entry of prices, elimination of manual calculation and automatic calculation of price tags. . Training time may be reduced from days on the conventional cash register to hours with the electronic systems. 4. Instant credit checking is possible by having terminals compare the account number with a central computer file or through on-line a connection. 5. Electronic system provides more direct and detailed information in a computer readable form. 6. Additional security system features such as locks wh ich permits the ECR (Electronic cash register) to be operated only by authorized personnel.

Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic Growth

Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic Growth Free Online Research Papers IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT IN TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION BY THE UAE FOR SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH Annotated Bibliography Khateeb, F. B., Darrat, A. F. and Elkhal, K. (2007),† The UAE growth surge: have information technology and human capital contributed?†, Studies in Economics and Finance, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 297-306. Khateeb et al (2007) discuss in their paper the impact of the investment in technology and education on economic growth in the UAE. They conclude that the investment in education and IT is essential for UAE in order to sustain economic growth in the long run. Khateeb et al (2007) indicate that the UAE has been experiencing a tremendous real growth rate of approximately 10% since 2002, which is even better than the 5% real growth rate which it was achieving in the mid 1990s. The authors point out that this has been mainly been possible due to the huge oil and gas reserves of the country. However, the authors also acknowledge the fact that the UAE has made huge investments in the educational as well as IT sector. According to Solow (1956) exogenous technological innovation is a primary growth factor and on the other hand, according to the endogenous model of Romer (1986) and Barro (1991), internal factors such as education and human capital play a significant role in the growth process. Hence, the authors feel that the UAE has taken steps as suggested by the Solow model and the endogenous model of growth in order to sustain long term growth. The authors in their paper then carry out various regression and calculations to present a better picture of the contribution of human capital accumulation and technological innovation as factors of economic growth in UAE. The authors find out that though both the factors are important for the long term growth, human capital accumulation seems to play a pivotal role for the economic growth. The authors convey that they are not surprised with this result as, according to them, a lot of previous theories and researches have shown that investment in education is an important prerequisite for the adoption of computer-based technologies. The authors then carry out the same calculations to get some results for the short run. However, they fail to find any correlation between the two factors and economic growth in the short run. The authors seem satisfied with this result and in fact say that they expected such results. â€Å"This finding should not be surprising since, human capital and IT are slow to bring in their full effect on economic growth† (Khateeb, Darrat and Elkhal, 2007, p. 303). They give an example of the US, a country which invested heavily in human capital accumulation and IT innovation in the 1970s and only started reaping the benefits of doing so in the mid 90s (Jalava and Pohjola, 2005). The authors conclude saying that human capital accumulation and technological innovation are pivotal for the economical growth of UAE in the long run, with human capital accumulation being the more dominant factor. Also, the authors shed their concerns that the government might not invest in these fields as they believe the government of UAE might get deceived by the fact that these factors don’t result in immediate results and as a result might stop investing in these sectors. Research Papers on Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic GrowthIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentMind TravelResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized Testing

Write an theoretical analysis on your Diagnostic essay using your

Write an theoretical analysis on your Diagnostic using your summary on Ways of Reading - Essay Example One of the important lessons that I acquired in the process of reading is that it is generally an active process (Bartholomae and Anthony 24). Reading usually entails the search of information by way of communication with the author. The book provides valuable tips and strategies that can help students struggling with English on ways of improving their reading and writing skills. As an active process good reading practices demands that students attempt to get deeper into the thinking of the author by responding to some of the claims made in the book or providing their feelings on the same. Such a way of reading is important in the sense that it helps the student to understand the deeper meanings of the text. The method also helps the students acquire new vocabularies and ideas in ways that are easy to recall. Another important benefit of applying the strategy of active reading is that the student manages to improve his writing skills by observing the new ways and creative manner in which the author develops his writing skills. After reading different books, I have learnt to identify the beauty of words by observing the creative ways in which they have been used. I now know that both reading and writing are arts that can be acquired, developed or lost depending on the way in which students engage in them. Before I read Ways of Reading, I had many problems with grammar and sentence structures. I used to write very long sentences that had a lot of grammatical and punctuation mistakes. After reading the book, I have learnt to observe the rules of sentences and punctuation in different texts, which have helped me to sharpen my own skills in the process. Another important point that is made in the book is that good writers are always good readers. It is not easy for a person to develop good writing skills if he or she does not enjoy reading. The way of reading must be involving on the part of the

MGT 5400 Individual Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 5400 Individual Project - Dissertation Example This is therefore an interventional training of moving an organization from the chaotic level to the high performance level. The purpose of this intervention is to train participants into merging theory with understanding to cultivate best practice in the development of sustainable growth of an organization. The benefit of this intervention is ensuring that organizational development personnel are able to understand the variables that play a significant role in defining the stage of an organization. This case, the organizational development personnel will be in a position to diagnose organization problems and challenges prior to intervention by defining the stage an organization is functioning through at any given period or timeframe. The chaotic stage of an organization is a diagnosable stage that many organizations will shift their priorities into interventional measures based on as it acts as the base stage upon which intervention can be associated with and aimed at resolving. The refore, stability and high performance stages are the deliverables of this intervention based on the chaotic and problematic stage. Theoretical Background A chaotic organization is one that operates at the brink of spinning out of control. The most important variables of an organizational development such as policies, standards, and expectations are normally unclear and decisions are made to deal with mounting pressure for reactive solutions (Allen, 2012). In this organizational stage, individuals are overwhelmed with fear and opt for self-protection mechanisms through blaming and criticizing others rather than taking responsibility to implement or put their lines of thought into a constructive task or commitment. On the other hand, a stable organization is one that has its policies, standards, and structure organized in a manner that allows predictability and control. The goals of operation are known and individuals have specific responsibilities to accomplish individually and as a team. Dutifulness and fairness expectations are the major defining characteristics of this environment (Allen, 2012). The high performance stage of an organization allows shared ownership. Employees are considered part of the stakeholders of the organization and their efforts are geared to ensure the success of the organization. High participation and collaboration rates are defining characteristics of the high performance organization. Members of this organization are highly geared to portraying high decision-making and problem-intervening responsibilities. Ignoring policies and rules, the members of the high performance organization are attuned to realizing the mission of the organization (Allen, 2012). Outline of Training The training activities of the intervention program for ensuring exceptional and justifiable results within an organization include; Diagnosing chaotic organization Defining organizational development stages Identifying deliverables Identifying limitations to s table and high performance organizational stages Activity Instructions Diagnosing Chaotic Organization Identify crisis focus mentality: Fish for reasons that trigger reactive approaches to problems. Identify unclear goals and directions: Filter important from unimportant goals and directions and set priorities Identify the number of shifting priorities: Table all priorities and rank them then

Stock Market Development in Qatar Economy Essay

Stock Market Development in Qatar Economy - Essay Example It is believed that inflation bears a positive influence on common stocks. This is so because the shareholders tend to earn more money for their goods and services when they sell them during the time when there is a high inflation rate in the market. This gives a positive relationship between an inflation and the stock market prices. When one, therefore, tries to assess the impact of inflation on the stock prices performance, there is a positive relationship which is achieved between the two. Economists measure economic growth in through the use of an increase in the size of the economy of a nation. Gross Domestic Product is a widely used measure of an economic output. The term is normally used to refer to the total value found from the final goods and services that are produced within a country’s borders within a given year. When measuring GDP, normally the ownership of a particular goods and services are not normally considered. The measure, however, considers the only the f inal goods and services that consumed by the final user but not those goods and services that were used as inputs in the production of other goods and services. Researchers have found out that there lies some relationship between the stock prices and the future growth of the real GDP. Two explanations exist to prove this fact, and the first explanation is the one that states that there are changes in information that might occur in the future about the RGGDP, and such changes in information can change today’s prices in the stock market.

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing Essay

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing Essay Allianz is an international company specializing in the provision of financial services, and the companys headquarters is in Munich, Germany. In the global business world of today, companies cannot afford to just remain domestic, as this could lead to a decline in the companys reputation and business. Serious companies have to work hard on their international presence, to ensure that their stakes in the market are maintained and increased. Founded in the year 1890, Allianz has branches in more than 70 countries and more than 180,000 employees worldwide. The company has acquired about 60 million customers to whom it provides property and casualty insurance services, health insurance, life insurance asset management and banking services. Allianz started to go international in the late 19th century when the company opened a branch office in London. Allianz now also has branches in Paris, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, and USA. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Euro pe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Since international marketing plans revolve around certain factors, the company will have to complete a thorough analysis of the countries in question, so as to determine the feasibility and viability of international services in these countries. This report will also discuss the viability of establishing branches in the Turkish or Hungarian market place. The Company is aiming to establish the organization in a global market. In order to do this an effective international marketing plan would have to be developed. Situation analysis The goal of this international marketing plan is the provision of specific directions for the companys marketing activities. Research will be carried out in various areas like segmentation, marketing, pricing strategy, targeting and positioning, promotional strategy, control and implementation, in order to achieve set goals. This marketing plan will also detail what the company can achieve with such an international marketing strategy and hoe this plan will help in realizing company objectives. When an organization has decided that it is beneficial to go international and start operations in another country, it is necessary to define company policies on international marketing and the companys objectives for creating promotional campaigns that are efficient. As long as Allianz continues to offer superior services that are efficient, then the company will be better than a domestic company. As the global market continues to grow bigger and population increase continues, the company must engage in effective international marketing, in order to acquire and maintain more clients. (An in depth analysis of Insurance Industry) Interest in Hungary and Turkey Numerous variables function within an international company such as this, which deals in a global market. These variables can influence the companys strategy either directly or indirectly. Being well implanted in various parts of the world Allianz seeks to invest other markets in Europe. Marketing strategy At Allianz, the goal of business is the acquisition of clients and maintaining these clients as customers. The companys international marketing strategy should reflect this, as the company continues to build its reputation. The strategies that would be used for this international marketing will be a push/promotional strategy and pull/selling strategy. The push/promotional strategy will use the companys trade promotion activities and sales force to create consumer demand internationally. The pull/selling strategy involves expenses on promotions for consumers and advertising in order to build up consumer demand for services SWOT analysis The sections highlighted below constitute the most relevant issues for Allianz, and the success of the company. Strengths The companys strengths include: a brand new international approach, staff experience, targeted focus and marketing prowess. Allianz would have to take advantage of these strengths in order to utilize the companys opportunities and also manage threats effectively. Possible weaknesses to the companys international campaign are basically those problems inherent in new product and financial services marketing. Allianzs Strengths also include Product differentiation Superior experience: since the Allianz team is quite experienced in marketing, the company has to capitalize on this experience and bring it to bear on the international market Popularity of the company: strong companies like Allianz tend to have a kind of cult or customer loyalty for many years, which will be brought to bear on the international scene Weaknesses Launching new products and services internationally brings disadvantages of having to build a whole new market structure Opportunities A growing international market Potential for continued improvement Vertical integration: Allianz also has the potential to integrate more services into its international presence and add more branches in various parts of the world Threats The latent competition ensures that there would be other companies who will begin to offer similar services internationally. Unforeseen economic downturn may also reduce fluid/disposable income in spite of a strong domestic economy and anticipated continuous growth. Marketing mix The company should Endeavour to employ a wide range of advertising promotions and communications in order to achieve set out international marketing goals Marketing budget The companys marketing budget must be reviewed and the marketing director would assume responsibility for the budget, excluding the budget for developing the company website. The budget for the international marketing campaign needs to be evaluated on a quarterly basis, with adjustments made to media vehicles, advert schedules, and effective frequency as required Promotion As part of international marketing promotions, there should be grand PR parties and sports events held and organized for prospective clients. Local, national and international media will also be used and sales personnel will be stationed in target market locations like shopping malls and concerts and other related events Financial projection In order to make Allianzs financial services more appealing internationally, the company will have to look towards market segmentation. In looking towards market segmentation, the company will be able to identify specific customer characteristics of interest in specific financial services. As noted on the website of the Center for Business Planning, the purpose of for segmenting a market is to allow the sales/marketing program to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase what the company offers, and this can help to ensure the highest yield/return for sales/marketing expenditures, if done properly. (Center for Business Planning, 2009) The international marketing plan developed by Allianz must make a careful analysis of market research to lead to useful decisions regarding the nature of the market in hungary, and of the potential clients in that country. To be able to satisfy the needs of these customers, the company must identify ways to understand its internal and external situation, including the market environment, the customer and the capabilities of the company PEST Analysis Political Factors Increased service tax on premium 5% discount on corporate premium Hike in FDI limit Pricing control in general insurance Favorable regulation for rural insurance Economic Factors Increase in Gross Domestic Savings Social Factors Low insurance coverage Rise in elderly population Growth of insurance Technological Factors Automation of processes Increase in CRM solutions Internet driven information era (Insurance Industry: An Analysis) Implementation and control Allianzs international marketing efforts will be designed to launch and provide sales of goods and services. The marketing director will be in charge of tracking the various programs and changes might be made to the marketing mix if there are no appreciable results. Attention should also be given to some other factors like economic recession, extremely low sales, and the expensive nature of certain types of media that will be used for the international marketing plan, as these factors might influence the budget and marketing mix. The companys international marketing efforts will be reviewed quarterly. Differences between revenue and sales goals during the first year of operation will be the main source of comparison. Customers feedback will also be sought on marketing efforts and there will be surveys and focus groups organized to evaluate the efficacy of adverts. Conclusion Assessment of external factors can help a company to position itself within the environment in which the company operates. Although there are various macroeconomic factors that can affect a company like Allianz, the direction and strength of major industry shaping trends can be gauged by environmental factor assessment. This type of assessment may seem to pose a threat on some occasions but on the other hand, this assessment can create new opportunities. During the environmental assessment, it is vital to seek out new opportunities for business, feasible market places and other companies with which some form of cooperative arrangement can be built. In order to be successful internationally, Allianz needs to understand, anticipate and take advantage of the changes in the business environment. The international environment does have a big impact on the determination of market decisions. A large part of international marketing requires the scanning of the external environment that affec ts Allianz, so that the company can respond profitably to the trends and market requirements of the targeted market. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Europe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Due to Global currency issues and the effects of previous economic recessions which have created problems for the company and the services it renders, I believe that Hungary will be a more viable location for the company to invest internationally, as this country is more open to foreign investment. Industries in this country are also expanding and this represents more opportunity for the companys financial services. The firm has also been advised to take a long term view. This is a good strategy for the company, as most emerging markets are long term based, to guard against the negative effects of economic downturns

Gender Roles Essay -- Female Male Compare Socialization Essays

Gender Roles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While I was growing up, gender roles were highly defined by my parents and teachers as well as all other societal influences. Boys were taught to do 'boy' things and girls were taught to do 'girly' things. The toys that children play with and the activities that are encouraged by adults demonstrate the influence of gender roles on today's youth.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  In my formative years, the masculine traits that I learned came out because of the activities that my parents had me engage in and the things that they expected from me. The expectations that my parents held for my sister, on the other hand, varied from those that they had for me, and this was made apparent through the different activities that occupied her time. My parents treated us in completely different regard. We had different toys, different friends, and we were supposed to like different things. When I got hurt my parents would say things like 'shake it off,' or 'that didn't hurt that much,' but when my sister would cry, they would give her attention and pull her aside to take care of her. I got into a lot more trouble throughout my life than my sister and this was, in part, overlooked as the boy's mischievous nature. I played with GI Joes and He-Man action figures, while my sister played with Barbie Dolls. I remember when she and I would play together and the GI Joes would be married to the Barbie Dolls. When I made the action figures fight over the Barbie Dolls, my sister would always get ...

Art Forgeries Essay

When one enters into an art museum, one would expect all of the pieces of art to be that of the original. However, when an art lover does not know the difference between an original from a forgery, then they may have been fooled by both the museum and by the forger. No one can really look at a painting and distinctly know whether it is a forged piece of work or an original piece of work. Art forgeries may seem like an artist copying a well-known artists work, but it depends on how one looks at a particular piece of art. There are multiple reasons as to why art forgeries can be seen as something positive in the artistic world. Crispin Sartwell discusses about Jerrold Levinson’s definition of art from Levinson’s article, â€Å"Refining Art Historically,† in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1990. To Levinson, art is something that is made to be intended to be â€Å"regarded† as a work of art (Sartwell). Luise Morton and Thomas Foster discuss Nelson Goodman’s definition of art from Languages of Art in Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1991. Goodman says that it is about how one looks at an original and a forged art depends on the way we look at it (Morton and Foster). Both Levinson and Goodman make good points because they are both saying that all depends on the person’s perspective. Not everyone sees the same piece of art the same way another person does, so given a choice between an original or a forged piece of art, some may be able to tell the difference and some may not. The idea of having different perspectives on what is real art or what is not depends solely on an individual. Levinson and Goodman both see art by how the person intends it to be. According to Jonathon Keats who writes in The Daily Beast, art forgery helps take us out of our comfort zone, while the real art keeps us within our comfort zone. Keats writes that forgers credit their work to the original artist. In doing so, the artist’s work is more accessible to more people and that the artist who forged an original should be appreciated (Keats). Blake Gopnik writing in the New York Times says that the forgers can make recreate art with their hands; however, great art depends on the idea of the artist. The idea of the forger comes from the original artists, like Pollock and Rothko, setting up procedures and ideas for making art (Gopnik). The forger is able to recreate a work of art because of the way a particular artist wanted their art to be seen. On the other hand, Ross Bowden writing in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1999 about Alfred Lessing’s essay titled, â€Å"What Is Wrong with a Forgery? † In Lessing’s essay, he disapproves of art forgery when talking culturally. Lessing believes that forgeries do not have that artistic integrity and lacks creativity. He continues to say that one can recreate an amazing artwork, but it will lack the imagination it takes to create the original piece of work (Bowden). Forgeries in the opinion of Lessing lack imagination and creativity, however, Gopnik and Keats see that an artist has the imagination and creativity to recreate a famous piece of work. If one lacks that imagination and creativity then they would not be able to get away with forgery. These forgery artists are capable of pulling off century old paintings and able to sell them to museums as originals. That takes imagination and creativity. W. E. Kennick brings up in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1985 that every copy of an original piece of work is a forgery. Artists make their work in the style of others, but still make it their own. One is not actually forging a real piece of art, much less than copying or imitating that person’s style (Kennick). Gopnik also says that Andy Warhol’s works were sometimes made by him or sometimes made by his assistant. Warhol even attributed some of his work to other artists. An artist by the name of Marcel Duchamp made art out of bicycle wheels, urinals, already made sculptures, and other reusable items. Duchamp encouraged others to do the same and copy his style (Gopnik). Every artist can imitate or copy someone else’s work, although that artist who made the original work may no longer be alive, their work is still living on. Art forgeries can be looked at as some sort of crime because someone is recreating masterpieces and selling them to museums. However, if one stops to think about the fact that art forgeries are actually artists bringing masterpieces back, one would not think it was a crime. These artists are creative enough to be able to recreate an artwork and give art lovers the feeling of having a masterpiece in their home or be able to look at it in a museum. Art forgeries are a lucrative past time for those who love art and want to be able to see â€Å"their art† in a museum. It is a win-win situation for both the artist and the art lovers. Works Cited Bowden, Ross. â€Å"What is wrong with an art forgery? : An anthropological perspective. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1999): 333-343. Gopnik, Blake. â€Å"In Praise of Art Forgeries . † The New York Times 2 Novemeber 2013. Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"Why Forgeries Are Great Art. † The Daily Beast Kennick, W. E. â€Å"Art and Inauthenticity. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1985): 1-12. Morton, Luise H. and Thomas R. Foster. â€Å"Goodman, Forgery, and the Aesthetic. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1991): 155-159. Sartwell, Crispin. â€Å"A Counter-Example to Levinson’s Historical Theory of Art. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1990): 157-158.

Complete Guide Art Term Paper Writing That Brings High Results

Complete Guide Art Term Paper Writing That Brings High Results A successful art term paper is a result of the thorough topic examination through the comprehensive research, critical analysis, and synthesis of different reliable sources of information. Knowing how to write a comprehensive art term paper is a fundamental skill that students acquire and develop in art classes. Writing an effective art term paper requires in-depth consideration of the material learned during a particular semester. In almost all cases, a term paper is written on a subject drawn from the works and readings finished during a term. The art term paper is intended to describe a milestone event in the history of art, analyze and interpret the artworks of a particular artist, or argue a significant point regarding the art design and style using a specific painting as an example. In general, an art term paper is the significant students’ work that is characterized as a scientific way to present some factual information, conduct a critical analysis within different fields of art sculpture, architecture, graphic design, painting, photography, fashion design, etc. However, the most popular field of study is art history. The ability to analyze the visual arts and connect an art object with a particular era, movement, or event in history is highly-demanded. Analyzing the art objects enhances the student’s understanding of the particular historical period and its impact on culture. 3 Basic Types of Analyzing the Works of Art 1. Formal Analysis This type of analysis requires full consideration and the comprehensive description of some formal qualities of an art object, be it sculpture or music. Specifically, you should look at the design elements the artist used in the artwork, including composition, texture, colors, lines, shape, space, form, unity, contrast, and rhythm. Keep in mind that a formal quality means that the unique design â€Å"relates to the form† or â€Å"reveals the texture† but it is not â€Å"fancy,† â€Å"exciting,† or â€Å"elegant.† The central goal of the assignment is to explain how and why the artist arranged various design elements. Remember that in an art term paper, your instructor expects a highly-detailed interpretation of the artwork. So take your time and focus on this aim to impress your instructor. Taking some notes from different sources (even this one) can help you write a good term paper on Art. In writing a formal analysis, pay your attention to the logical order of the final version of the paper. The following options can work: Summarize the general appearance of the artwork, then move on to the detailed description; Delineate the composition and identify the materials which were used, for example, plastic, wood, watercolor, or acrylic; Discuss the artwork from one side, then move across the work to the other side; Describe the design elements in the order in which they appear in the artwork. 2. Stylistic Analysis Under a stylistic analysis, it is important to look closely at the artwork to touch on its style. Your task is not only to identify the style of the work but also explore how the elements of the object fit to a specific stylistic category. For instance, take into consideration the opposite art movements, Renaissance or Romanticism. Moreover, the assignment can include the comparison of two works with the focus on some stylistic features. For example, one painting by Picasso is compared to another one by Cavalcanti. Although you are expected to describe the formal qualities of the work. The conclusion should follow one of the points outlined below: How the work belongs to the stylistic category; How the work fits the style; How two works created in the same style can be considered from different perspectives. 3. Iconography It is focused on the particular object, gesture, action, or pose and explains one of the following: When does a specific element appear in different works throughout history and how does this representation evoke a sense of uniqueness; What does a particular element mean in the history of art and what association can historians make with that element and some other things. In particular, if you are assigned one of the iconographic works of Mesopotamia, you should identify and interpret which elements make the object unique. For example, you can say that the Mesopotamian artists used the cylinder seal, ritual scenes, and divine figures to represent religious motifs in regional wall paintings and sculptures. What is more, the natural shape of human-headed bulls, dragons, or lions adds the originality to the work. If you feel bewildered, read Gretta Tritch Roman’s essays on iconography, where she explains some unique characteristics of Mesopotamian iconographic works. In addition, Gretta Tritch Roman makes some important distinctions between iconography and iconology which students are often confused about. Iconography is a popular field of study for art historians. So they created a significant number of articles and books on some essential themes. The National Art Library is one of the most reliable sources of information in the field of iconography. Write a Comprehensive and Original Art Term Paper in Just 5 Steps To write a comprehensive, well-organized, and at the same time, original art term paper, you should thoroughly examine the assignment and understand its requirements. The first step is to choose a worthy-research topic you are interested in as well. The second step is to identify reliable and credible sources that you will further use in the paper. The third step is to form a thesis statement that will reflect your clear position concerning the problem or question. The fourth step is to provide at least three strong arguments with evidence from the text to support your position. The fifth last step is to make a conclusion on the basis of what has been communicated in the paper. Choose Your Perfect Topic for Your Term Paper on Art If your instructor does not provide a list of topics for an art term paper, you should bear all responsibility for choosing a perfect one by yourself. Such a topic should not limit your thinking to only one or two aspects of art but allow expanding your mind and thoughts to show the best achievements. If you are confused, read our list of suggested art topics or visit a local gallery to become inspired to create an original topic on your own. The following list includes topics that are often used for the art term paper: Major Similarities and Differences between Modernism and the Art Nouveau Styles; Religious Motives in Leonardo Da Vinci’s Paintings; The Uniqueness of Late Baroque Architecture; Distinct Mannerisms in Pablo Picasso’s â€Å"Sylvette† and His Evolution from the Art Nouveau through Surrealism to Cubism; The Psychology of Colors and Shapes in Claude Monet’s Works; The Depiction of Victorian Beauty Standards in William C. Wontner’s â€Å"Valeria.† Identify Reliable Sources and Cite Them Correctly In the process of writing an art term paper, you will definitely rely on the other writers’ ideas and opinions to supply your evidence and support your position. Sources used in the paper take an important part of any term paper and should be placed on the separate page after the conclusion. A list of references can contain different scholarly books, scientific articles, as well as online articles from the educational and governmental websites. A bibliography should be arranged in an alphabetical order. Note that you should cite the source every time you use others’ point of view in your paper. Every piece of information that does not belong to the common knowledge should also be cited in the form of paraphrased references or in-text citations. An example of the paraphrased reference: Francisco Goya developed his own style of art distinct from all others (Goose 56). Example of the in-text citation: Sandro Botticelli was born and raised in Italy where â€Å"he belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de Medici† (King 23). Develop a Strong Thesis Statement The thesis statement is a central part of the art term paper since all arguments are derived from its meaning. An effective thesis should provide a direction for the formal analysis of artwork and give its interpretation. Remember that a thesis statement should involve an original insight regarding the topic of the art term paper and inform the reader about your formal choices to be explored in the body. The thesis statement should be one complex sentence that is placed at the end of the first paragraph or in other words, introduction. Here are a few options for an effective thesis statement: In â€Å"A Polish Nobleman,† Rembrandt uses the high contrast, straight pines, and natural shapes to reveal the commanding expression and nobility of a Polish man. In Paul Cà ©zanne’s â€Å"Still Life with a Curtain,† the compression of forms and rough texture reflects the dynamic tension between main figures. In â€Å"The Garroted Man,† Francisco Goya exploits white and black colors to show the depth of his extraordinary imagination. The Basic Structure of an Art Term Paper As soon as you have reviewed all the sources and come up with a thesis statement, you should decide whether you support the exact point or not, and how to prove your thesis statement. As a result, every student should take a position that can be proved by reliable, current, and credible sources. In general, the art term paper requires a lot of extensive research and personal analysis. Consider the fact that your position should be presented in an accurate and logical way. Any art term paper consists of: Introduction. In this section, you should indicate the title of the artwork, the name of the artist, and date of its creation. Optionally, you can identify the period in which the work of art appeared and its current location. For the background information, you can write something about the author’s interests and inspirations that could influence his/her artistic style. Typically, the introductory part ends up with your thesis statement that presents the meaning of the whole art term paper. In the successful art term paper, its introduction catches the readers’ attention and raises their interest in further reading. It is of vital importance to make Introduction as precise as possible to avoid losing reader’s attention. Body. It is the most significant part of any art term paper. Your thesis statement will not work unless you support it with strong arguments and evidence from the scholarly sources. In the main body of the art term paper, you should present the consistent development of your analysis. Each element you are going to discuss in your paper should be presented in a separate paragraph. Therefore, each paragraph should include a topic sentence that reveals the significance of the element and concluding statement that expresses your final opinion. It is recommended to organize your main body so that major figures or design elements appear sooner than additional ones. Conclusion. It is a part where you should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points you have presented in the main body. An effective concluding part involves summarizing all findings and relating them back to the themes that have been discussed in the introduction. Conclusion can be considered as a final opportunity to convince the reader that your art term paper is based on valid and reliable data. All comments you make in conclusion should rely on the information presented earlier in the text. It is critical to avoid mentioning any new ideas or insights you have gained at the end of your writing. In conclusion, you can explain how the essential elements of art formulate the ultimate meaning. 3 Proofreading Tips Our Experts Share After you have written your art term paper: Examine whether the content of your work looks appealing and raises the reader’s interest. To make it more interesting, you can add catching examples to your main body. After you have checked the content of the paper. Check for some mistakes in grammar, syntax or punctuation. It is not recommended to use the first person â€Å"I† in any academic paper because it will make the paper too personal and thus, informal. All ideas and statements should be presented in a scholarly manner. Make sure that your art term paper does not contain some plagiarized sentences, and others’ points of view are correctly cited. Therefore, using these proofreading tips, you can check the validity and coherence of your art term paper.

Pamela Colman Smith Biography

Pamela Colman Smith Biography Pamela Colman Smith is perhaps best known for her design of the iconic Rider Waite Tarot cards, the deck that many  new Tarot readers choose to learn the ropes on. Smith was an unconventional, bohemian artist who traveled the world and rubbed elbows with people like Bram Stoker and William Butler Yeats. Fast Facts: Pamela Colman Smith Full Name: Pamela Colman SmithParents: Charles Edward Smith and Corinne ColmanBorn: February 16, 1878 in Pimlico, London, EnglandDied: September 18, 1951 in Bude, Cornwall, EnglandKnown For: Designed artwork for Rider Waite Smith cards, illustrated works by Stoker and Yeats, wrote and illustrated her own books. Early Years Pamela Colman Smith (1878-1951) was born in London, but she spent her childhood in Manchester and Jamaica with her parents. Smith was biracial; her mother was Jamaican and her father was a white American. As a teenager, Smith- nicknamed Pixie- attended art school in New York City, at  the Pratt Institute. After her mother passed away in 1896, Smith left Pratt without graduating to join a traveling theater group and lead the nomadic life of a troubadour. In addition to working onstage, Smith developed a reputation as a skilled costume and set designer. During the early part of the twentieth century, this was an unusual occupation for a young, single woman. She was also active in the women’s suffrage movement around the turn of the century. Pamela Colman Smith, the creator of the RWS Tarot deck, around 1912. Public domain / Wikimedia Commons Little is known about her romantic life, although Smith never married or had children. It’s certainly possible that she preferred women; scholars have speculated about her relationships with housemate Nora Lake, as well as Smith’s close friend, actress Edith Craig, who was definitely a lesbian. Smith surrounded herself with creative, intelligent people who valued her passion for art and her exotic appearance as well as her free spirit. Artistic Career Smith developed a stylized look that soon put her in high demand as an illustrator, and some of her most popular drawings were utilized in works by  Bram Stoker  and  William Butler Yeats. In addition, she wrote and illustrated her own books, including a collection of Jamaican folktales called Annancy Stories. According to Dianca London Potts, Smith became known for her miniature theatrical pieces inspired by Jamaican folklore and her illustrations, which helped her create a name for herself within artist circles in New York and abroad. She became a sought after illustrator and buzzworthy figure within her community. In 1907, photographer and art promoter Alfred Stieglitz gave Smith exhibition space for a collection of her paintings. She was the first painter to have her work exhibited in his gallery, as he primarily focused on the new art form of photography. Artwork by Pamela Colman Smith, 1913. Russian Ballet,  Bobbs-Merrill Co, New York, via Wikimedia Commons Her early work with William Butler Yeats- she illustrated a book of his verses- would prove to be the catalyst for some changes in Smith’s life. In 1901, he introduced her to his friends in the  Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. At some point in her Golden Dawn experience, she met the poet and mystic Edward Waite. Around 1909, Waite commissioned Smith to do the artwork for a new Tarot deck he was interested in creating. Waite wanted to see a Tarot deck in which every card was illustrated- which was something completely new. Up until this point,  throughout the history of Tarot, decks primarily had illustrations only on  the Major Arcana, and sometimes the court cards. The only known example of a fully illustrated deck up until this point was the  Sola Busca  deck, commissioned by a wealthy Milanese family in the 1490s. Waite suggested Smith use  Sola Busca  for her inspiration, and there are many similarities in the symbolism between the two decks. Smith was the first artist to use characters as representative images in the lower cards. Rather than just showing a group of cups, coins, wands or swords, Smith worked human beings into the mix and created a rich tapestry of occult symbolism that set the gold standard for modern Tarot decks. Her original images were created using Smiths preferred medium of gouache, a type of opaque watercolor mixed with natural pigments and a binding agent, and often found in advertising illustrations. The resulting collection of 78 cards was published by Rider and Sons, and sold for a whopping six shillings as the first mass market Tarot deck. Thanks to the publisher and Edward Waite, the deck became known commercially as the Rider Waite deck, although in some circles it is now referred to as the Waite Smith deck, or even Rider Waite Smith, as credit to the artist. Two years after creating her iconic Tarot images, Smith converted to Catholicism, and a decade or so later, she used money from an inheritance to open a home for priests in Cornwall, England. Although she continued to produce illustrations, including several for the war effort during World War II, Smith didnt make much money from her work, and never earned royalties from her Tarot images. Although her artwork was popular, she never gained mass commercial success, and she died penniless in Cornwall in September 1951. Afterwards, her personal effects- including unsold artwork- were auctioned off to settle outstanding debt. Sources Alfred Stieglitz and Pamela Colman Smith, pcs2051.tripod.com/stieglitz_archive.htm.Kaplan, Stuart R., et al.  Pamela Colman Smith: the Untold Story. U.S. Games Systems, Inc., 2018.Potts, Dianca L. â€Å"Who Was Pamela Colman Smith? The Mystic Woman behind the Rider-Waite Tarot Deck - The Lily.†Ã‚  Https://Www.thelily.com, The Lily, 26 July 2018, www.thelily.com/who-was-pamela-colman-smith-the-mystic-woman-behind-the-rider-waite-tarot-deck/.Ramgopal, Lakshmi. â€Å"Demystifying Pamela Colman Smith.†Ã‚  Shondaland, Shondaland, 6 July 2018, www.shondaland.com/inspire/books/a21940524/demystifying-pamela-colman-smith/.