Sales Control free essay sample

There must be efficient control of all food and beverage items issued from the various departments. 2. The system should reduce any pilfering and wastage to a minimum. 3. Management should be provided with any information they require for the costing purposes. 4. The cashier should be able to make out the customer’s bill correctly. 5. The system should show a breakdown of sales and income received in order that adjustment and improvement may be made. The main control taking methods 1. Order taking methods. 2. Billing methods 3. Sales summary sheets. . Operational statistics. Triplicate checking system This is an order taking method used in the majority of medium and large first class establishments. The food check consists of three copies. On taking the food order it is written from top to bottom of the food check. When only a table d’hote menu is in operation the customers would initially only order their first and main courses. We will write a custom essay sample on Sales Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The operation for an a la carte menu is similar, although customers may order by course according to their requirements. 1. The top copy of the food order goes to the kitchen and is handed to the aboyeur at the hotplate. . The duplicate goes to the cashier who makes out the customer bill. 3. The Flimsy or third copy is retained by the waiter at his/her sideboard as a means of reference. Any checks or bills that have to be cancelled should have the signature of either the head\waiter or supervisor on them, as should checks and bills which have alternation made on them. FLOW CHART OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CHECK Control box Kitchen Food and beverage Service area Top copy Top copy after service Food copy- Top copy (BOT)Top copy Dispense Bar 1. 2. 3. 4. BeveragesTop copy after service Control Marry all duplicates with originals- bills and summary sheet Cashier 1. 2nd copy food or drink 2. Bill 3. Bill and payment. 4. Receipted bill. Manual systems Using hand written duplicate or triplicate checks for ordering from kitchen and bar and for informing the cashier. Often used with a cash till or cash register. This system is found on many high- level restaurants and in popular catering Duplicate checking system. This is a control system that is more likely to be found in the smaller hotel, popular price restaurants and cafes. It is generally used where table d’hote menu is in operation and sometimes a very limited a la carte menu. There are two copies of each of these food checks, each set being serial numbered. The top copy of the food check is usually carbon – backed but, if not a sheet of carbon must be placed between the top and duplicate copy every time a fresh order is taken. The top copy of the set of food and drink checks is made up of a number of perforated slips, usually 4-5 in number. There is section at the bottom of the food and drink check for the table for the table number to be entered. When writing out a customer’s order a different perforated slip should be used for each course. The server must remember to write out the number of covers and the price of the meal or the dish concerned on each slip. Before sending each slip to the hotplate see that the details ate entered correctly on the duplicate copy together with the price. Since the duplicate copy acts as the customer’s bill, the waiter must ensure that everything served is charged. Duplicate order pad with perforated sections 672464| | | | | | 672464| | | No of person waiter no table no price| | | QUICK SERVICE: Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Retour 1 Roast chicken En place 1 poached chicken Date 2/2/12Sign DS Accident: It occasionally happens that the waiter may have an accident in the room and perhaps some vegetables are dropped. These must be replaced without any extra charge to the customer. Here a check must be headed accident. It will show the number of portion of vegetables required and should be signed by the headwaiter. No charge (N/C) is stated on the check to ensure that no charge is made to the customer. Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Accident 1 Vegetables N/C Date 2/2/12Sign DS CASH HANDLING EQUIPMENT E. P. O. S (Electronic point of sale) It is a sophisticated system of point of sale to provide the quality of information to the management for control function. Advantages 1. Fewer error is there as the information entered will be more accurate because mistake in the sequence of entries required for a particular transaction are not permitted. 2. Transaction can be done more quickly and this may be achieved by single key entry of prices, elimination of manual calculation and automatic calculation of price tags. . Training time may be reduced from days on the conventional cash register to hours with the electronic systems. 4. Instant credit checking is possible by having terminals compare the account number with a central computer file or through on-line a connection. 5. Electronic system provides more direct and detailed information in a computer readable form. 6. Additional security system features such as locks wh ich permits the ECR (Electronic cash register) to be operated only by authorized personnel.

Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic Growth

Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic Growth Free Online Research Papers IMPORTANCE OF INVESTMENT IN TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATION BY THE UAE FOR SUSTAINED ECONOMIC GROWTH Annotated Bibliography Khateeb, F. B., Darrat, A. F. and Elkhal, K. (2007),† The UAE growth surge: have information technology and human capital contributed?†, Studies in Economics and Finance, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 297-306. Khateeb et al (2007) discuss in their paper the impact of the investment in technology and education on economic growth in the UAE. They conclude that the investment in education and IT is essential for UAE in order to sustain economic growth in the long run. Khateeb et al (2007) indicate that the UAE has been experiencing a tremendous real growth rate of approximately 10% since 2002, which is even better than the 5% real growth rate which it was achieving in the mid 1990s. The authors point out that this has been mainly been possible due to the huge oil and gas reserves of the country. However, the authors also acknowledge the fact that the UAE has made huge investments in the educational as well as IT sector. According to Solow (1956) exogenous technological innovation is a primary growth factor and on the other hand, according to the endogenous model of Romer (1986) and Barro (1991), internal factors such as education and human capital play a significant role in the growth process. Hence, the authors feel that the UAE has taken steps as suggested by the Solow model and the endogenous model of growth in order to sustain long term growth. The authors in their paper then carry out various regression and calculations to present a better picture of the contribution of human capital accumulation and technological innovation as factors of economic growth in UAE. The authors find out that though both the factors are important for the long term growth, human capital accumulation seems to play a pivotal role for the economic growth. The authors convey that they are not surprised with this result as, according to them, a lot of previous theories and researches have shown that investment in education is an important prerequisite for the adoption of computer-based technologies. The authors then carry out the same calculations to get some results for the short run. However, they fail to find any correlation between the two factors and economic growth in the short run. The authors seem satisfied with this result and in fact say that they expected such results. â€Å"This finding should not be surprising since, human capital and IT are slow to bring in their full effect on economic growth† (Khateeb, Darrat and Elkhal, 2007, p. 303). They give an example of the US, a country which invested heavily in human capital accumulation and IT innovation in the 1970s and only started reaping the benefits of doing so in the mid 90s (Jalava and Pohjola, 2005). The authors conclude saying that human capital accumulation and technological innovation are pivotal for the economical growth of UAE in the long run, with human capital accumulation being the more dominant factor. Also, the authors shed their concerns that the government might not invest in these fields as they believe the government of UAE might get deceived by the fact that these factors don’t result in immediate results and as a result might stop investing in these sectors. Research Papers on Investing in Technology and Education to Sustain Economic GrowthIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesCapital PunishmentMind TravelResearch Process Part OneAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperStandardized Testing

Write an theoretical analysis on your Diagnostic essay using your

Write an theoretical analysis on your Diagnostic using your summary on Ways of Reading - Essay Example One of the important lessons that I acquired in the process of reading is that it is generally an active process (Bartholomae and Anthony 24). Reading usually entails the search of information by way of communication with the author. The book provides valuable tips and strategies that can help students struggling with English on ways of improving their reading and writing skills. As an active process good reading practices demands that students attempt to get deeper into the thinking of the author by responding to some of the claims made in the book or providing their feelings on the same. Such a way of reading is important in the sense that it helps the student to understand the deeper meanings of the text. The method also helps the students acquire new vocabularies and ideas in ways that are easy to recall. Another important benefit of applying the strategy of active reading is that the student manages to improve his writing skills by observing the new ways and creative manner in which the author develops his writing skills. After reading different books, I have learnt to identify the beauty of words by observing the creative ways in which they have been used. I now know that both reading and writing are arts that can be acquired, developed or lost depending on the way in which students engage in them. Before I read Ways of Reading, I had many problems with grammar and sentence structures. I used to write very long sentences that had a lot of grammatical and punctuation mistakes. After reading the book, I have learnt to observe the rules of sentences and punctuation in different texts, which have helped me to sharpen my own skills in the process. Another important point that is made in the book is that good writers are always good readers. It is not easy for a person to develop good writing skills if he or she does not enjoy reading. The way of reading must be involving on the part of the

MGT 5400 Individual Project Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MGT 5400 Individual Project - Dissertation Example This is therefore an interventional training of moving an organization from the chaotic level to the high performance level. The purpose of this intervention is to train participants into merging theory with understanding to cultivate best practice in the development of sustainable growth of an organization. The benefit of this intervention is ensuring that organizational development personnel are able to understand the variables that play a significant role in defining the stage of an organization. This case, the organizational development personnel will be in a position to diagnose organization problems and challenges prior to intervention by defining the stage an organization is functioning through at any given period or timeframe. The chaotic stage of an organization is a diagnosable stage that many organizations will shift their priorities into interventional measures based on as it acts as the base stage upon which intervention can be associated with and aimed at resolving. The refore, stability and high performance stages are the deliverables of this intervention based on the chaotic and problematic stage. Theoretical Background A chaotic organization is one that operates at the brink of spinning out of control. The most important variables of an organizational development such as policies, standards, and expectations are normally unclear and decisions are made to deal with mounting pressure for reactive solutions (Allen, 2012). In this organizational stage, individuals are overwhelmed with fear and opt for self-protection mechanisms through blaming and criticizing others rather than taking responsibility to implement or put their lines of thought into a constructive task or commitment. On the other hand, a stable organization is one that has its policies, standards, and structure organized in a manner that allows predictability and control. The goals of operation are known and individuals have specific responsibilities to accomplish individually and as a team. Dutifulness and fairness expectations are the major defining characteristics of this environment (Allen, 2012). The high performance stage of an organization allows shared ownership. Employees are considered part of the stakeholders of the organization and their efforts are geared to ensure the success of the organization. High participation and collaboration rates are defining characteristics of the high performance organization. Members of this organization are highly geared to portraying high decision-making and problem-intervening responsibilities. Ignoring policies and rules, the members of the high performance organization are attuned to realizing the mission of the organization (Allen, 2012). Outline of Training The training activities of the intervention program for ensuring exceptional and justifiable results within an organization include; Diagnosing chaotic organization Defining organizational development stages Identifying deliverables Identifying limitations to s table and high performance organizational stages Activity Instructions Diagnosing Chaotic Organization Identify crisis focus mentality: Fish for reasons that trigger reactive approaches to problems. Identify unclear goals and directions: Filter important from unimportant goals and directions and set priorities Identify the number of shifting priorities: Table all priorities and rank them then

Stock Market Development in Qatar Economy Essay

Stock Market Development in Qatar Economy - Essay Example It is believed that inflation bears a positive influence on common stocks. This is so because the shareholders tend to earn more money for their goods and services when they sell them during the time when there is a high inflation rate in the market. This gives a positive relationship between an inflation and the stock market prices. When one, therefore, tries to assess the impact of inflation on the stock prices performance, there is a positive relationship which is achieved between the two. Economists measure economic growth in through the use of an increase in the size of the economy of a nation. Gross Domestic Product is a widely used measure of an economic output. The term is normally used to refer to the total value found from the final goods and services that are produced within a country’s borders within a given year. When measuring GDP, normally the ownership of a particular goods and services are not normally considered. The measure, however, considers the only the f inal goods and services that consumed by the final user but not those goods and services that were used as inputs in the production of other goods and services. Researchers have found out that there lies some relationship between the stock prices and the future growth of the real GDP. Two explanations exist to prove this fact, and the first explanation is the one that states that there are changes in information that might occur in the future about the RGGDP, and such changes in information can change today’s prices in the stock market.

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing Essay

International Marketing Plan For Allianz Marketing Essay Allianz is an international company specializing in the provision of financial services, and the companys headquarters is in Munich, Germany. In the global business world of today, companies cannot afford to just remain domestic, as this could lead to a decline in the companys reputation and business. Serious companies have to work hard on their international presence, to ensure that their stakes in the market are maintained and increased. Founded in the year 1890, Allianz has branches in more than 70 countries and more than 180,000 employees worldwide. The company has acquired about 60 million customers to whom it provides property and casualty insurance services, health insurance, life insurance asset management and banking services. Allianz started to go international in the late 19th century when the company opened a branch office in London. Allianz now also has branches in Paris, Italy, Great Britain, Netherlands, Brazil, Spain, and USA. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Euro pe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Since international marketing plans revolve around certain factors, the company will have to complete a thorough analysis of the countries in question, so as to determine the feasibility and viability of international services in these countries. This report will also discuss the viability of establishing branches in the Turkish or Hungarian market place. The Company is aiming to establish the organization in a global market. In order to do this an effective international marketing plan would have to be developed. Situation analysis The goal of this international marketing plan is the provision of specific directions for the companys marketing activities. Research will be carried out in various areas like segmentation, marketing, pricing strategy, targeting and positioning, promotional strategy, control and implementation, in order to achieve set goals. This marketing plan will also detail what the company can achieve with such an international marketing strategy and hoe this plan will help in realizing company objectives. When an organization has decided that it is beneficial to go international and start operations in another country, it is necessary to define company policies on international marketing and the companys objectives for creating promotional campaigns that are efficient. As long as Allianz continues to offer superior services that are efficient, then the company will be better than a domestic company. As the global market continues to grow bigger and population increase continues, the company must engage in effective international marketing, in order to acquire and maintain more clients. (An in depth analysis of Insurance Industry) Interest in Hungary and Turkey Numerous variables function within an international company such as this, which deals in a global market. These variables can influence the companys strategy either directly or indirectly. Being well implanted in various parts of the world Allianz seeks to invest other markets in Europe. Marketing strategy At Allianz, the goal of business is the acquisition of clients and maintaining these clients as customers. The companys international marketing strategy should reflect this, as the company continues to build its reputation. The strategies that would be used for this international marketing will be a push/promotional strategy and pull/selling strategy. The push/promotional strategy will use the companys trade promotion activities and sales force to create consumer demand internationally. The pull/selling strategy involves expenses on promotions for consumers and advertising in order to build up consumer demand for services SWOT analysis The sections highlighted below constitute the most relevant issues for Allianz, and the success of the company. Strengths The companys strengths include: a brand new international approach, staff experience, targeted focus and marketing prowess. Allianz would have to take advantage of these strengths in order to utilize the companys opportunities and also manage threats effectively. Possible weaknesses to the companys international campaign are basically those problems inherent in new product and financial services marketing. Allianzs Strengths also include Product differentiation Superior experience: since the Allianz team is quite experienced in marketing, the company has to capitalize on this experience and bring it to bear on the international market Popularity of the company: strong companies like Allianz tend to have a kind of cult or customer loyalty for many years, which will be brought to bear on the international scene Weaknesses Launching new products and services internationally brings disadvantages of having to build a whole new market structure Opportunities A growing international market Potential for continued improvement Vertical integration: Allianz also has the potential to integrate more services into its international presence and add more branches in various parts of the world Threats The latent competition ensures that there would be other companies who will begin to offer similar services internationally. Unforeseen economic downturn may also reduce fluid/disposable income in spite of a strong domestic economy and anticipated continuous growth. Marketing mix The company should Endeavour to employ a wide range of advertising promotions and communications in order to achieve set out international marketing goals Marketing budget The companys marketing budget must be reviewed and the marketing director would assume responsibility for the budget, excluding the budget for developing the company website. The budget for the international marketing campaign needs to be evaluated on a quarterly basis, with adjustments made to media vehicles, advert schedules, and effective frequency as required Promotion As part of international marketing promotions, there should be grand PR parties and sports events held and organized for prospective clients. Local, national and international media will also be used and sales personnel will be stationed in target market locations like shopping malls and concerts and other related events Financial projection In order to make Allianzs financial services more appealing internationally, the company will have to look towards market segmentation. In looking towards market segmentation, the company will be able to identify specific customer characteristics of interest in specific financial services. As noted on the website of the Center for Business Planning, the purpose of for segmenting a market is to allow the sales/marketing program to focus on the subset of prospects that are most likely to purchase what the company offers, and this can help to ensure the highest yield/return for sales/marketing expenditures, if done properly. (Center for Business Planning, 2009) The international marketing plan developed by Allianz must make a careful analysis of market research to lead to useful decisions regarding the nature of the market in hungary, and of the potential clients in that country. To be able to satisfy the needs of these customers, the company must identify ways to understand its internal and external situation, including the market environment, the customer and the capabilities of the company PEST Analysis Political Factors Increased service tax on premium 5% discount on corporate premium Hike in FDI limit Pricing control in general insurance Favorable regulation for rural insurance Economic Factors Increase in Gross Domestic Savings Social Factors Low insurance coverage Rise in elderly population Growth of insurance Technological Factors Automation of processes Increase in CRM solutions Internet driven information era (Insurance Industry: An Analysis) Implementation and control Allianzs international marketing efforts will be designed to launch and provide sales of goods and services. The marketing director will be in charge of tracking the various programs and changes might be made to the marketing mix if there are no appreciable results. Attention should also be given to some other factors like economic recession, extremely low sales, and the expensive nature of certain types of media that will be used for the international marketing plan, as these factors might influence the budget and marketing mix. The companys international marketing efforts will be reviewed quarterly. Differences between revenue and sales goals during the first year of operation will be the main source of comparison. Customers feedback will also be sought on marketing efforts and there will be surveys and focus groups organized to evaluate the efficacy of adverts. Conclusion Assessment of external factors can help a company to position itself within the environment in which the company operates. Although there are various macroeconomic factors that can affect a company like Allianz, the direction and strength of major industry shaping trends can be gauged by environmental factor assessment. This type of assessment may seem to pose a threat on some occasions but on the other hand, this assessment can create new opportunities. During the environmental assessment, it is vital to seek out new opportunities for business, feasible market places and other companies with which some form of cooperative arrangement can be built. In order to be successful internationally, Allianz needs to understand, anticipate and take advantage of the changes in the business environment. The international environment does have a big impact on the determination of market decisions. A large part of international marketing requires the scanning of the external environment that affec ts Allianz, so that the company can respond profitably to the trends and market requirements of the targeted market. Allianz hopes to expand into Eastern Europe and establish branches either in Hungary or turkey. Due to Global currency issues and the effects of previous economic recessions which have created problems for the company and the services it renders, I believe that Hungary will be a more viable location for the company to invest internationally, as this country is more open to foreign investment. Industries in this country are also expanding and this represents more opportunity for the companys financial services. The firm has also been advised to take a long term view. This is a good strategy for the company, as most emerging markets are long term based, to guard against the negative effects of economic downturns

Gender Roles Essay -- Female Male Compare Socialization Essays

Gender Roles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While I was growing up, gender roles were highly defined by my parents and teachers as well as all other societal influences. Boys were taught to do 'boy' things and girls were taught to do 'girly' things. The toys that children play with and the activities that are encouraged by adults demonstrate the influence of gender roles on today's youth.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  In my formative years, the masculine traits that I learned came out because of the activities that my parents had me engage in and the things that they expected from me. The expectations that my parents held for my sister, on the other hand, varied from those that they had for me, and this was made apparent through the different activities that occupied her time. My parents treated us in completely different regard. We had different toys, different friends, and we were supposed to like different things. When I got hurt my parents would say things like 'shake it off,' or 'that didn't hurt that much,' but when my sister would cry, they would give her attention and pull her aside to take care of her. I got into a lot more trouble throughout my life than my sister and this was, in part, overlooked as the boy's mischievous nature. I played with GI Joes and He-Man action figures, while my sister played with Barbie Dolls. I remember when she and I would play together and the GI Joes would be married to the Barbie Dolls. When I made the action figures fight over the Barbie Dolls, my sister would always get ...

Art Forgeries Essay

When one enters into an art museum, one would expect all of the pieces of art to be that of the original. However, when an art lover does not know the difference between an original from a forgery, then they may have been fooled by both the museum and by the forger. No one can really look at a painting and distinctly know whether it is a forged piece of work or an original piece of work. Art forgeries may seem like an artist copying a well-known artists work, but it depends on how one looks at a particular piece of art. There are multiple reasons as to why art forgeries can be seen as something positive in the artistic world. Crispin Sartwell discusses about Jerrold Levinson’s definition of art from Levinson’s article, â€Å"Refining Art Historically,† in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1990. To Levinson, art is something that is made to be intended to be â€Å"regarded† as a work of art (Sartwell). Luise Morton and Thomas Foster discuss Nelson Goodman’s definition of art from Languages of Art in Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1991. Goodman says that it is about how one looks at an original and a forged art depends on the way we look at it (Morton and Foster). Both Levinson and Goodman make good points because they are both saying that all depends on the person’s perspective. Not everyone sees the same piece of art the same way another person does, so given a choice between an original or a forged piece of art, some may be able to tell the difference and some may not. The idea of having different perspectives on what is real art or what is not depends solely on an individual. Levinson and Goodman both see art by how the person intends it to be. According to Jonathon Keats who writes in The Daily Beast, art forgery helps take us out of our comfort zone, while the real art keeps us within our comfort zone. Keats writes that forgers credit their work to the original artist. In doing so, the artist’s work is more accessible to more people and that the artist who forged an original should be appreciated (Keats). Blake Gopnik writing in the New York Times says that the forgers can make recreate art with their hands; however, great art depends on the idea of the artist. The idea of the forger comes from the original artists, like Pollock and Rothko, setting up procedures and ideas for making art (Gopnik). The forger is able to recreate a work of art because of the way a particular artist wanted their art to be seen. On the other hand, Ross Bowden writing in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1999 about Alfred Lessing’s essay titled, â€Å"What Is Wrong with a Forgery? † In Lessing’s essay, he disapproves of art forgery when talking culturally. Lessing believes that forgeries do not have that artistic integrity and lacks creativity. He continues to say that one can recreate an amazing artwork, but it will lack the imagination it takes to create the original piece of work (Bowden). Forgeries in the opinion of Lessing lack imagination and creativity, however, Gopnik and Keats see that an artist has the imagination and creativity to recreate a famous piece of work. If one lacks that imagination and creativity then they would not be able to get away with forgery. These forgery artists are capable of pulling off century old paintings and able to sell them to museums as originals. That takes imagination and creativity. W. E. Kennick brings up in the Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism of 1985 that every copy of an original piece of work is a forgery. Artists make their work in the style of others, but still make it their own. One is not actually forging a real piece of art, much less than copying or imitating that person’s style (Kennick). Gopnik also says that Andy Warhol’s works were sometimes made by him or sometimes made by his assistant. Warhol even attributed some of his work to other artists. An artist by the name of Marcel Duchamp made art out of bicycle wheels, urinals, already made sculptures, and other reusable items. Duchamp encouraged others to do the same and copy his style (Gopnik). Every artist can imitate or copy someone else’s work, although that artist who made the original work may no longer be alive, their work is still living on. Art forgeries can be looked at as some sort of crime because someone is recreating masterpieces and selling them to museums. However, if one stops to think about the fact that art forgeries are actually artists bringing masterpieces back, one would not think it was a crime. These artists are creative enough to be able to recreate an artwork and give art lovers the feeling of having a masterpiece in their home or be able to look at it in a museum. Art forgeries are a lucrative past time for those who love art and want to be able to see â€Å"their art† in a museum. It is a win-win situation for both the artist and the art lovers. Works Cited Bowden, Ross. â€Å"What is wrong with an art forgery? : An anthropological perspective. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1999): 333-343. Gopnik, Blake. â€Å"In Praise of Art Forgeries . † The New York Times 2 Novemeber 2013. Keats, Jonathon. â€Å"Why Forgeries Are Great Art. † The Daily Beast Kennick, W. E. â€Å"Art and Inauthenticity. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1985): 1-12. Morton, Luise H. and Thomas R. Foster. â€Å"Goodman, Forgery, and the Aesthetic. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1991): 155-159. Sartwell, Crispin. â€Å"A Counter-Example to Levinson’s Historical Theory of Art. † Journal of Aesthetics & Art Criticism (1990): 157-158.

Complete Guide Art Term Paper Writing That Brings High Results

Complete Guide Art Term Paper Writing That Brings High Results A successful art term paper is a result of the thorough topic examination through the comprehensive research, critical analysis, and synthesis of different reliable sources of information. Knowing how to write a comprehensive art term paper is a fundamental skill that students acquire and develop in art classes. Writing an effective art term paper requires in-depth consideration of the material learned during a particular semester. In almost all cases, a term paper is written on a subject drawn from the works and readings finished during a term. The art term paper is intended to describe a milestone event in the history of art, analyze and interpret the artworks of a particular artist, or argue a significant point regarding the art design and style using a specific painting as an example. In general, an art term paper is the significant students’ work that is characterized as a scientific way to present some factual information, conduct a critical analysis within different fields of art sculpture, architecture, graphic design, painting, photography, fashion design, etc. However, the most popular field of study is art history. The ability to analyze the visual arts and connect an art object with a particular era, movement, or event in history is highly-demanded. Analyzing the art objects enhances the student’s understanding of the particular historical period and its impact on culture. 3 Basic Types of Analyzing the Works of Art 1. Formal Analysis This type of analysis requires full consideration and the comprehensive description of some formal qualities of an art object, be it sculpture or music. Specifically, you should look at the design elements the artist used in the artwork, including composition, texture, colors, lines, shape, space, form, unity, contrast, and rhythm. Keep in mind that a formal quality means that the unique design â€Å"relates to the form† or â€Å"reveals the texture† but it is not â€Å"fancy,† â€Å"exciting,† or â€Å"elegant.† The central goal of the assignment is to explain how and why the artist arranged various design elements. Remember that in an art term paper, your instructor expects a highly-detailed interpretation of the artwork. So take your time and focus on this aim to impress your instructor. Taking some notes from different sources (even this one) can help you write a good term paper on Art. In writing a formal analysis, pay your attention to the logical order of the final version of the paper. The following options can work: Summarize the general appearance of the artwork, then move on to the detailed description; Delineate the composition and identify the materials which were used, for example, plastic, wood, watercolor, or acrylic; Discuss the artwork from one side, then move across the work to the other side; Describe the design elements in the order in which they appear in the artwork. 2. Stylistic Analysis Under a stylistic analysis, it is important to look closely at the artwork to touch on its style. Your task is not only to identify the style of the work but also explore how the elements of the object fit to a specific stylistic category. For instance, take into consideration the opposite art movements, Renaissance or Romanticism. Moreover, the assignment can include the comparison of two works with the focus on some stylistic features. For example, one painting by Picasso is compared to another one by Cavalcanti. Although you are expected to describe the formal qualities of the work. The conclusion should follow one of the points outlined below: How the work belongs to the stylistic category; How the work fits the style; How two works created in the same style can be considered from different perspectives. 3. Iconography It is focused on the particular object, gesture, action, or pose and explains one of the following: When does a specific element appear in different works throughout history and how does this representation evoke a sense of uniqueness; What does a particular element mean in the history of art and what association can historians make with that element and some other things. In particular, if you are assigned one of the iconographic works of Mesopotamia, you should identify and interpret which elements make the object unique. For example, you can say that the Mesopotamian artists used the cylinder seal, ritual scenes, and divine figures to represent religious motifs in regional wall paintings and sculptures. What is more, the natural shape of human-headed bulls, dragons, or lions adds the originality to the work. If you feel bewildered, read Gretta Tritch Roman’s essays on iconography, where she explains some unique characteristics of Mesopotamian iconographic works. In addition, Gretta Tritch Roman makes some important distinctions between iconography and iconology which students are often confused about. Iconography is a popular field of study for art historians. So they created a significant number of articles and books on some essential themes. The National Art Library is one of the most reliable sources of information in the field of iconography. Write a Comprehensive and Original Art Term Paper in Just 5 Steps To write a comprehensive, well-organized, and at the same time, original art term paper, you should thoroughly examine the assignment and understand its requirements. The first step is to choose a worthy-research topic you are interested in as well. The second step is to identify reliable and credible sources that you will further use in the paper. The third step is to form a thesis statement that will reflect your clear position concerning the problem or question. The fourth step is to provide at least three strong arguments with evidence from the text to support your position. The fifth last step is to make a conclusion on the basis of what has been communicated in the paper. Choose Your Perfect Topic for Your Term Paper on Art If your instructor does not provide a list of topics for an art term paper, you should bear all responsibility for choosing a perfect one by yourself. Such a topic should not limit your thinking to only one or two aspects of art but allow expanding your mind and thoughts to show the best achievements. If you are confused, read our list of suggested art topics or visit a local gallery to become inspired to create an original topic on your own. The following list includes topics that are often used for the art term paper: Major Similarities and Differences between Modernism and the Art Nouveau Styles; Religious Motives in Leonardo Da Vinci’s Paintings; The Uniqueness of Late Baroque Architecture; Distinct Mannerisms in Pablo Picasso’s â€Å"Sylvette† and His Evolution from the Art Nouveau through Surrealism to Cubism; The Psychology of Colors and Shapes in Claude Monet’s Works; The Depiction of Victorian Beauty Standards in William C. Wontner’s â€Å"Valeria.† Identify Reliable Sources and Cite Them Correctly In the process of writing an art term paper, you will definitely rely on the other writers’ ideas and opinions to supply your evidence and support your position. Sources used in the paper take an important part of any term paper and should be placed on the separate page after the conclusion. A list of references can contain different scholarly books, scientific articles, as well as online articles from the educational and governmental websites. A bibliography should be arranged in an alphabetical order. Note that you should cite the source every time you use others’ point of view in your paper. Every piece of information that does not belong to the common knowledge should also be cited in the form of paraphrased references or in-text citations. An example of the paraphrased reference: Francisco Goya developed his own style of art distinct from all others (Goose 56). Example of the in-text citation: Sandro Botticelli was born and raised in Italy where â€Å"he belonged to the Florentine School under the patronage of Lorenzo de Medici† (King 23). Develop a Strong Thesis Statement The thesis statement is a central part of the art term paper since all arguments are derived from its meaning. An effective thesis should provide a direction for the formal analysis of artwork and give its interpretation. Remember that a thesis statement should involve an original insight regarding the topic of the art term paper and inform the reader about your formal choices to be explored in the body. The thesis statement should be one complex sentence that is placed at the end of the first paragraph or in other words, introduction. Here are a few options for an effective thesis statement: In â€Å"A Polish Nobleman,† Rembrandt uses the high contrast, straight pines, and natural shapes to reveal the commanding expression and nobility of a Polish man. In Paul Cà ©zanne’s â€Å"Still Life with a Curtain,† the compression of forms and rough texture reflects the dynamic tension between main figures. In â€Å"The Garroted Man,† Francisco Goya exploits white and black colors to show the depth of his extraordinary imagination. The Basic Structure of an Art Term Paper As soon as you have reviewed all the sources and come up with a thesis statement, you should decide whether you support the exact point or not, and how to prove your thesis statement. As a result, every student should take a position that can be proved by reliable, current, and credible sources. In general, the art term paper requires a lot of extensive research and personal analysis. Consider the fact that your position should be presented in an accurate and logical way. Any art term paper consists of: Introduction. In this section, you should indicate the title of the artwork, the name of the artist, and date of its creation. Optionally, you can identify the period in which the work of art appeared and its current location. For the background information, you can write something about the author’s interests and inspirations that could influence his/her artistic style. Typically, the introductory part ends up with your thesis statement that presents the meaning of the whole art term paper. In the successful art term paper, its introduction catches the readers’ attention and raises their interest in further reading. It is of vital importance to make Introduction as precise as possible to avoid losing reader’s attention. Body. It is the most significant part of any art term paper. Your thesis statement will not work unless you support it with strong arguments and evidence from the scholarly sources. In the main body of the art term paper, you should present the consistent development of your analysis. Each element you are going to discuss in your paper should be presented in a separate paragraph. Therefore, each paragraph should include a topic sentence that reveals the significance of the element and concluding statement that expresses your final opinion. It is recommended to organize your main body so that major figures or design elements appear sooner than additional ones. Conclusion. It is a part where you should restate your thesis statement and summarize the main points you have presented in the main body. An effective concluding part involves summarizing all findings and relating them back to the themes that have been discussed in the introduction. Conclusion can be considered as a final opportunity to convince the reader that your art term paper is based on valid and reliable data. All comments you make in conclusion should rely on the information presented earlier in the text. It is critical to avoid mentioning any new ideas or insights you have gained at the end of your writing. In conclusion, you can explain how the essential elements of art formulate the ultimate meaning. 3 Proofreading Tips Our Experts Share After you have written your art term paper: Examine whether the content of your work looks appealing and raises the reader’s interest. To make it more interesting, you can add catching examples to your main body. After you have checked the content of the paper. Check for some mistakes in grammar, syntax or punctuation. It is not recommended to use the first person â€Å"I† in any academic paper because it will make the paper too personal and thus, informal. All ideas and statements should be presented in a scholarly manner. Make sure that your art term paper does not contain some plagiarized sentences, and others’ points of view are correctly cited. Therefore, using these proofreading tips, you can check the validity and coherence of your art term paper.

Pamela Colman Smith Biography

Pamela Colman Smith Biography Pamela Colman Smith is perhaps best known for her design of the iconic Rider Waite Tarot cards, the deck that many  new Tarot readers choose to learn the ropes on. Smith was an unconventional, bohemian artist who traveled the world and rubbed elbows with people like Bram Stoker and William Butler Yeats. Fast Facts: Pamela Colman Smith Full Name: Pamela Colman SmithParents: Charles Edward Smith and Corinne ColmanBorn: February 16, 1878 in Pimlico, London, EnglandDied: September 18, 1951 in Bude, Cornwall, EnglandKnown For: Designed artwork for Rider Waite Smith cards, illustrated works by Stoker and Yeats, wrote and illustrated her own books. Early Years Pamela Colman Smith (1878-1951) was born in London, but she spent her childhood in Manchester and Jamaica with her parents. Smith was biracial; her mother was Jamaican and her father was a white American. As a teenager, Smith- nicknamed Pixie- attended art school in New York City, at  the Pratt Institute. After her mother passed away in 1896, Smith left Pratt without graduating to join a traveling theater group and lead the nomadic life of a troubadour. In addition to working onstage, Smith developed a reputation as a skilled costume and set designer. During the early part of the twentieth century, this was an unusual occupation for a young, single woman. She was also active in the women’s suffrage movement around the turn of the century. Pamela Colman Smith, the creator of the RWS Tarot deck, around 1912. Public domain / Wikimedia Commons Little is known about her romantic life, although Smith never married or had children. It’s certainly possible that she preferred women; scholars have speculated about her relationships with housemate Nora Lake, as well as Smith’s close friend, actress Edith Craig, who was definitely a lesbian. Smith surrounded herself with creative, intelligent people who valued her passion for art and her exotic appearance as well as her free spirit. Artistic Career Smith developed a stylized look that soon put her in high demand as an illustrator, and some of her most popular drawings were utilized in works by  Bram Stoker  and  William Butler Yeats. In addition, she wrote and illustrated her own books, including a collection of Jamaican folktales called Annancy Stories. According to Dianca London Potts, Smith became known for her miniature theatrical pieces inspired by Jamaican folklore and her illustrations, which helped her create a name for herself within artist circles in New York and abroad. She became a sought after illustrator and buzzworthy figure within her community. In 1907, photographer and art promoter Alfred Stieglitz gave Smith exhibition space for a collection of her paintings. She was the first painter to have her work exhibited in his gallery, as he primarily focused on the new art form of photography. Artwork by Pamela Colman Smith, 1913. Russian Ballet,  Bobbs-Merrill Co, New York, via Wikimedia Commons Her early work with William Butler Yeats- she illustrated a book of his verses- would prove to be the catalyst for some changes in Smith’s life. In 1901, he introduced her to his friends in the  Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. At some point in her Golden Dawn experience, she met the poet and mystic Edward Waite. Around 1909, Waite commissioned Smith to do the artwork for a new Tarot deck he was interested in creating. Waite wanted to see a Tarot deck in which every card was illustrated- which was something completely new. Up until this point,  throughout the history of Tarot, decks primarily had illustrations only on  the Major Arcana, and sometimes the court cards. The only known example of a fully illustrated deck up until this point was the  Sola Busca  deck, commissioned by a wealthy Milanese family in the 1490s. Waite suggested Smith use  Sola Busca  for her inspiration, and there are many similarities in the symbolism between the two decks. Smith was the first artist to use characters as representative images in the lower cards. Rather than just showing a group of cups, coins, wands or swords, Smith worked human beings into the mix and created a rich tapestry of occult symbolism that set the gold standard for modern Tarot decks. Her original images were created using Smiths preferred medium of gouache, a type of opaque watercolor mixed with natural pigments and a binding agent, and often found in advertising illustrations. The resulting collection of 78 cards was published by Rider and Sons, and sold for a whopping six shillings as the first mass market Tarot deck. Thanks to the publisher and Edward Waite, the deck became known commercially as the Rider Waite deck, although in some circles it is now referred to as the Waite Smith deck, or even Rider Waite Smith, as credit to the artist. Two years after creating her iconic Tarot images, Smith converted to Catholicism, and a decade or so later, she used money from an inheritance to open a home for priests in Cornwall, England. Although she continued to produce illustrations, including several for the war effort during World War II, Smith didnt make much money from her work, and never earned royalties from her Tarot images. Although her artwork was popular, she never gained mass commercial success, and she died penniless in Cornwall in September 1951. Afterwards, her personal effects- including unsold artwork- were auctioned off to settle outstanding debt. Sources Alfred Stieglitz and Pamela Colman Smith, pcs2051.tripod.com/stieglitz_archive.htm.Kaplan, Stuart R., et al.  Pamela Colman Smith: the Untold Story. U.S. Games Systems, Inc., 2018.Potts, Dianca L. â€Å"Who Was Pamela Colman Smith? The Mystic Woman behind the Rider-Waite Tarot Deck - The Lily.†Ã‚  Https://Www.thelily.com, The Lily, 26 July 2018, www.thelily.com/who-was-pamela-colman-smith-the-mystic-woman-behind-the-rider-waite-tarot-deck/.Ramgopal, Lakshmi. â€Å"Demystifying Pamela Colman Smith.†Ã‚  Shondaland, Shondaland, 6 July 2018, www.shondaland.com/inspire/books/a21940524/demystifying-pamela-colman-smith/.

The Fabrication Of Bipolar Junction Transistors By Diffusion Planar Lab Report

The Fabrication Of Bipolar Junction Transistors By Diffusion Planar Process - Lab Report Example The fabrication of BJT comprises of various sub-steps like RCA (Cleaning Process), Thermal Oxidation, Photolithography, Diffusion, Metallization, Alloying Process etc. The process of fabrication starts by cleaning the substrate of impurities by the RCA procedure followed by developing a layer of SiO2 on the planar surface by the process of oxidation. The wafer is then coated with an appropriate photoresist material and developed by exposure to UV through base mask (mask #1). After sufficient time of exposure, the SiO2 is removed by etching out from the region of base-diffusion followed by cleaning away the covering of the remaining photoresist coating. The P-type base i.e. Boron is diffused into this region followed by re-oxidation to develop the layer of SiO2. Next, by the process of Photolithography, the oxide layer is stripped off from the regions of collector and emitter by mask #2 and Phosphorous (N-type) is diffused on it. The entire sample is re-oxidized and once again coated with the photoresist material and developed. The substrate is then exposed to vapors of Aluminum which are allowed to condense upon it. The excess Aluminum on the substrate i.e. at non-contact regions is removed chemically by ‘lift-off’. The final step in the process is alloying of the contacts. RCA Dust, SiO2, oxides and metallic contaminants are removed. Consequently, the process has three chief procedures namely the Organic Clean, the Oxide Clean and the Ionic Clean. [5] â€Å"The RCA clean procedure should be performed immediately prior to any crucial step, especially those involving high temperatures.†[2] The RCA clean procedure consists of the following steps: Mixing of Organic, Inorganic and Oxide Stripping Solution 1. The Organic Solution is prepared by adding 1000 ml of H2O to 200 ml H2O2 and 200 ml of NH4OH. Heat the solution for 15 min at a temperature of 80  °C. [2] 2. The Ionic Solution is prepared by adding 1000 ml of H2O to 200 ml H2O2 and 200 ml of HCl. Heat the solution for 15 min at a temperature of 80  °C. [2] 3. The Oxide Stripping Solution is prepared by adding 2000 ml of H2O to the polypropylene vat. Add 40 ml of HF acid into it. [2] Bubbler Rinse Set-Up The bubbler rinse station is filled with deionized water and nitrogen is bubbled in it. [2] O rganic Clean This step removes dust, grease and other organic impurities from the substrate. The substrate is submerged in the Organic Solution for 15 min and then placed in the Bubbler Rinse Set-up for 5 min. [2]

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Global Warming - Essay Example It is a fact that global warming has been able to play a very significant role within the time and age of today and the role of the media has been abysmal to state the least. There has been emphasis on the fact that global warming has created global divide amongst the people. On the one hand, they decipher this as something which comes with the changing time while at the other, they think that global warming is creating more problems for the coming generations and the effects have started to come about today as well. The global warming ideology has been spoken about a great deal by the media since they believe that this is one topic that they cannot get rid of. They are of the opinion that talking about the global warming issue would only make people realize about the gravity of the situation at hand and what exactly needs to be done about the very same. The media thus derives its platform through such discussions on global warming because it feels that it has got a responsibility to which it has to stick. The supporters of media playing its role within global warming suggest that media has touched the finer points which would warrant attention by the people in a positive way. Indeed it is important to make people aware of the global warming issues which are taking place all over the world and have been in the news for good or bad reasons. Also the different newspapers, magazines and editorials have brought much pressure on the bodies which have been enacted in the name of global warming. This is the reason why global warming has been seen as a major deterrent towards creating problems for the people and more so their younger generations. This involves just about everyone and not the human beings alone.